天然腐殖质材料对低品位磷矿粉水溶性磷的促释效果

低品位磷矿开发应用困难的关键问题在于其活化释放困难以及磷素在土壤中易被固定。将不同添加量的天然腐殖质材料及其衍生物作为促释材料,采用连续水浸提法、X-射线衍射以及红外光谱分析了促释材料对低品位磷矿粉的水溶性磷释放特性以及磷矿粉的结构与成键变化的影响,并通过盆栽试验进一步验证磷矿粉与促释材料在最优配比下的生物肥效。结果表明：随着促释材料添加量的提高,水溶性磷的释放也呈现增加趋势,当天然腐殖质材料和HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料分别与低品位磷矿粉混合的质量比为20:80时,5次水溶性磷释放总量分别为对照处理的1.54倍和1.72倍。X-射线衍射分析结果表明,天然腐殖质材料或HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料混合低品位磷矿粉经过5次浸提后,P2O5和Ca(PO3)2对应的特征衍射峰出现显著下降。红外光谱分析结果表明,天然腐殖质材料或HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料混合低品位磷矿粉经过5次浸提后,可明显看到位于966 cm-1处PO43-对称伸缩振动v1吸收峰消失,同时位于1 127、673和612 cm-1处PO43-非对称伸缩振动v3吸收峰、H2PO4-相关吸收峰和HPO42-相关吸收峰强度均显著下降。盆栽试验进一步表明,天然腐殖质材料或HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料作为一种优质有机物料按照6 g?kg-1或9 g?kg-1的施用量同时与低品位磷矿粉按照20:80的质量比混合后可显著提升土壤的有效磷含量,同时可快速提升土壤有机质含量。天然腐殖质材料按9 g?kg-1的施用量同时与低品位磷矿粉按20:80的质量比混合,在播种后第14、30、60天土壤有效磷分别较对照处理增加了29.86%、29.47%、36.48%,土壤有机质分别较CK增加34.16%、8.05%、47.40%。HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料按9 g?kg-1的施用量同时与低品位磷矿粉按20:80的质量比混合,在播种后第14、30、60天土壤有效磷分别较CK增加了36.97%、94.44%、34.51%,土壤有机质分别较CK增加27.29%、14.57%、45.41%。天然腐殖质材料或HNO3处理天然腐殖质材料呈酸性、高比表面积、腐殖质含量高、活性官能团数量多等特性是提升低品位磷矿粉的水溶性磷和土壤有效磷含量的主要原因。     

长期不同施肥的棕壤胶体凝聚动力学比较研究

土壤胶体的凝聚与土壤团聚体的形成密切相关。施肥改变土壤溶液环境，对土壤团聚体形成、土壤结构和土壤物质组成产生影响。探索长期不同施肥影响土壤胶体微观性质和相互作用进而影响土壤宏观现象的关联十分必要。本研究依托三十五年棕壤长期定位施肥监测试验站，选取不施肥处理（CK）、施用氮肥（N）、施用有机肥（M）、氮肥与有机肥配合施用（N+M）四种处理的土壤为研究对象，采用动态光散射技术监测不同施肥处理的土壤胶体凝聚动力学过程，通过对比分析土壤有机质含量、表面化学性质和土壤矿物组成等探究不同施肥处理对土壤胶体凝聚过程的影响。研究发现：四种长期不同施肥处理的棕壤胶体凝聚特征均表现为在低电解质浓度条件下发生慢速凝聚（RLCA）与高电解质浓度条件下的快速凝聚（DLCA）；不同施肥处理胶体在相同电解质体系中的临界聚沉浓度的大小顺序均为M > N+M > CK > N。有机肥的长期施用增加了土壤有机质含量，从而提高了胶体颗粒表面电场强度，加大了胶体颗粒间的静电斥力，加之有机质组分的空间位阻效应使得胶体的凝聚现象减弱；另一方面，长期不同施肥处理并未改变土壤黏土矿物组成类型，但对其相对含量产生影响：其中，有机肥的长期施入使2:1型伊利石的相对含量增加，1:1型高岭石的相对含量减少，长期施用氮肥使伊利石相对含量减少而高岭石相对含量增加。综上，长期不同施肥处理改变棕壤胶体的基本理化性质和矿物组成比例关系，进而影响棕壤胶体的凝聚动力学过程。     

Microstructural characterisation of commercial kiwifruit cultivars using X-ray micro computed tomography

The skin is the physical barrier between the fruit and the environment in which it develops. Environmental conditions during fruit development have a large influence on fruit quality, both at the time of harvest and during subsequent storage. It is hypothesised that some features of the skin and sub-epidermal tissues could provide information about the past growing conditions to which the fruit was exposed and therefore be of predictive value for storage quality. In this study, five commercial kiwifruit cultivars (‘Hayward’, ‘Hort16A’, ‘G3’, ‘G9’ and ‘G14’) were studied, and ‘Hayward’ fruit were manipulated during growth with different cultural practices. After harvest at horticultural maturity, X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT) was used to investigate features of the skin and the immediate parenchyma tissue. Despite orchard management practices (crop load and girdling) being observed to effect macro fruit quality parameters (mass, firmness, SSC, and DM), differences in microstructure (e.g. porosity) caused by these practices were not observed. However, porosity and pore size were found to be highly variable between cultivars. The thickness of dense sub-epidermal tissue could be readily measured and the 3-D distribution of raphide bundles was visible as high density particles distributed within the parenchyma. Overall, μCT was found to be a powerful technique to explore fruit epidermal and sub-epidermal structures in three dimensions at a micro level. However, the length of time required for data capture and analysis and the large number of samples required to overcome natural variation within horticultural products need to be considered. Future work may define the impact of differences in porosity or sub-epidermal anatomy on kiwifruit physiology (e.g. firmness change or sensitivity to low oxygen storage atmospheres). With this information, μCT could be used as a screening tool during plant breeding, or to determine the response to agronomic treatments, without conducting lengthy storage trials.     

昆明地区碳酸盐岩发育红土载磁矿物的提取与鉴定

利用重液分离工艺对昆明地区磁化率最高的碳酸盐岩发育的红土进行载磁矿物的分离提取,并对提取出的样品进行X射线衍射(XRD)鉴定,结果显示碳酸盐岩发育红土的主要载磁矿物为磁赤铁矿(γ-Fe₂O₃)、赤铁矿(α-Fe₂O₃)和针铁矿(α-FeOOH),它们占总载磁矿物的半定量比例分别为30%、37%和33%,这些测定结果大体上与传统的磁学参数测定方法推测的结果吻合,但在准确鉴定、识别和半定量分析上明显优于前者。