河流与开放空间耦合的城市绿地生态网络构建

随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市生态环境面临着越来越严峻的考验,为了促进城市的可持续发展,构建城市绿地生态网络、维护城市生态系统的稳定性成为众多领域研究的重点。河流作为城市绿地生态网络的核心空间结构,开放空间作为绿地生态网络的基础,二者关系的研究对构建城市绿地生态网络具有重要意义。在研究河流与开放空间耦合关系的基础上,结合对城市绿地生态网络含义、功能机制、评价指标的分析,以南阳市为例,提出河流与开放空间耦合的城市绿地生态网络构建方法。     

Extending the Encounter–Norm–Crowding Generalization to Angler Evaluations of Other Social and Resource Indicators

Recreationists who encounter more people than their normative tolerance for seeing others usually feel more crowded than those encountering fewer than their norm. This research note extends this observation–norm–evaluation relationship (e.g., encounter–norm–crowding) to other evaluations and indicators. Data were from a survey of anglers on the Gulkana National Wild River in Alaska (n = 288). Respondents who encountered more people than their norm felt more crowded than those encountering fewer than their norm. When impacts from other social indicators (e.g., camping within sight or sound of other groups, fishing area competition) exceeded user norms, crowding was higher and satisfaction with overall trip quality was lower than for those experiencing less than their norms. When impacts from resource indicators (e.g., litter, impacted campsites) exceeded norms, satisfaction with both environmental quality and trip quality were lower than for those experiencing less than their norms. The encounter–norm– crowding generalization, therefore, extended to other indicators and evaluations.     

Blue sucker stock characteristics in the upper Yazoo River basin, Mississippi, USA

Blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus (L.) in the upper Yazoo River basin, Mississippi, USA was studied using overnight hoop net sets (n = 4093) during 1988 and 1990–1998 to determine the influence of channel dredging. There were 264 blue suckers captured, ranging from 3 to 11 years of age. Length ranged from 265 to 700 mm and weight from 120 to 4700 g. Concurrent studies with smaller mesh hoop nets failed to capture any juvenile blue suckers. Catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE: fish net^?1) declined throughout the study in the Yalobusha River, a river subjected to channel dredging during 1988 and 1994. With the exception of limited hydraulic dredging in the Tallahatchie River, there was no dredging in the other Yazoo River tributaries, nor were there declines in blue sucker catch rates in these rivers. Throughout the upper Yazoo River basin, blue sucker stocks were dominated by adult fish, and there was little evidence of reproduction or recruitment. Conservation of the blue sucker in the upper Yazoo River basin should include actions that ensure the functional integrity of this floodplain river ecosystem and elimination of channel dredging throughout the basin.     

嫩江中游讷河江段瓦氏雅罗鱼生物学研究

2005年4月对江段瓦氏雅罗鱼2只船渔获物234尾进行渔业生物学研究。捕捞群体平均体长16.6 cm(15～29.5 cm),平均体重151.4 g(50～300 g),年龄由1~ ～5~ 龄组成,2~ 占36%；绝对生殖力为8050～12448粒/g,平均为3700粒/g；相对生殖力9. 04～100.6粒/g,平均为34.3粒/g；肥满度系数雌性为0.9436～2.0547%,平均为1.999%。雄性为1.4577～2.054%,平均为1.6262%。捕捞数量2005年春汛6.75 t。嫩江中游讷河江段瓦氏雅罗鱼资源呈现小型化、低龄化趋势；渔业资源呈下降趋势,亟待采取限定捕捞规格的保护措施。     

绥芬河污染对大麻哈鱼、滩头雅罗鱼及水生生物影响的调查监测

绥芬河为中俄共有河，是黑龙江省的产鱼区之一，本介绍了该河流水质常规分析，工厂污水分析、鱼体残毒分析、浮游动物、浮游植物、底栖生物、着生藻类定性、定量及鱼类急性致毒性试验结果，同时进行了水质评价。结果表明：该河流经环境治理，水质状况得以改善，属于寡污带河流，基本达到渔业水质标准，是我国少有的清洁河流，对该河流洄流的四种大麻哈鱼、两种滩头鱼和生存的其它水生生物不构成危害性影响。     

连江鱼类资源现状调查及资源衰退原因分析

于2005～2006年间对清远市筑坝后连江的鱼类种群结构状况进行了调查。在河流的上游、中游、下游三个江段采样,共采集到鱼类87种,分属于7目18科69属,优势种为亚科(占鲤科总数的29.4%)、鲌亚科(占鲤科总数的15.7%)鱼类。通过与历史资料比较发现,多种适应急流的鱼类、洄游或半洄游性鱼类和产飘浮性卵鱼类已在连江中上游消失,连江鱼类组成、结构和分布已发生了较大的变化。     

Assessing the opportunities for upstream migration of non-salmonid fishes in the weir-regulated River Vecht

The degree of obstruction posed by weirs to potential upstream movements of non-salmonid fish (predominantly cyprinids) in the River Vecht, the Netherlands, was assessed. This rain-fed river showed high variability in discharge, providing opportunities for passage at high discharge when weirs were free flowing. Daily recorded discharge and water levels between 1960 and 1984, and an analysis of swimming capacities and migratory behaviour, were used to assess whether hydraulic conditions each day and for each species were suitable for ascent. The assessment demonstrated that migratory opportunities along the six weirs were extremely limited. Only 10 of 32 species were able to ascend all weirs in 5–30% of the years. Opportunities were the greatest for large-sized species during November–March at the downstream-situated weirs, whereas small-sized species had no opportunities year-round. The approach used is widely applicable for barrier assessment in other rivers, because it requires only basic hydraulic measurements that are often available.     

It is the ambience,not the menu. Prey availability does not drive habitat selection by the endangered Pyrenean desman

1. The Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) is an endangered stream-dwelling insectivore endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and the north of the Pyrenees. It favours riffles over slow habitats such as runs or pools, yet it is still unclear whether habitat preference is based on prey availability or on other factors, such as mechanical constraints on its hunting habits.
2. Desman diet and prey selection were analysed along the pristine Elama Stream and the slightly modified Leitzaran Stream in the Basque Country, Spain.
3. In each stream the prey consumed were identified by metabarcoding 94 desman faeces, and prey availability characterized from 10 Surber samples taken in each habitat type (riffles, runs and pools). Invertebrates were sorted and identified, the biomass of each taxon was calculated, and their DNA was also extracted, amplified using PCR, and sequenced to build a reference database.
4. Prey availability and diet varied between streams. Desmans positively selected shredders and invertebrates that live on the substrate, and selected against taxa that live in fine sediment, taxa with hard shells or those that are highly mobile. The diet of desmans was more selective in the Elama, the stream with better ecological status. Food availability did not differ among habitats, and therefore does not explain the preference of desmans for riffles; rather, mechanical constraints to deal with buoyancy and physical habitat heterogeneity were hypothesized to be the reason behind the habitat preference.
5. The results suggest that promoting the formation of riffles in streams can improve the situation of some desman populations living in degraded habitats.

     

A political tsunami hits Amazon conservation

1. The history of conservation of the Amazon can be viewed as a war involving many battles with interests in agribusiness on one side and in biodiversity conservation and sustainability on the other side. Trends in large-scale deforestation in the 1970s spurred a series of policies, stakeholder alliances and international and grass-roots movements, which decades later led to the establishment of protected areas and interventions in soy and beef supply chains of agribusiness. Together, these advances epitomized a conservation framework for the Amazon, which at one point nearly curbed deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, although it included very few protections for freshwater ecosystems.
2. While those conservation advances were taking place, however, a series of policy changes started to undermine them through expansions in deforestation, river regulation and mining activities. The election of Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro in 2019 then hit the Amazon conservation framework much like a tsunami of policy setbacks and the re-establishment of the economic policies that sparked the Amazon war in the past.
3. The current trajectory is one of large-scale degradation of Amazonian ecosystems and biodiversity with consequent impacts on local people. Because freshwater ecosystems are highly sensitive to human activities on water and on land, these growing impacts are particularly large.
4. It is too early to know, but four decades of institutional and policy developments to conserve the Brazilian Amazon may soon be pushed past the point from which they will be able to recover. Four conditions will be pivotal to allowing the Amazon conservation framework to recoup: (a) the end of Bolsonaro’s mandate in 2022 or earlier; (b) remobilization of stakeholders; (c) investments in environmental research, policy and multiple collaborations; and (d) moving conservation beyond terrestrial landscapes to also encompass freshwater ecosystems and their people.