Effects of aerobic conditions in the rhizosphere of rice on the dynamics and availability of phosphorus in a flooded soil – A model experiment

The secretion of O₂ by rice roots results in aerobic conditions in the rhizoshere compared to the bulk flooded soil. The effect of this phenomenon on the adsorption/desorption behavior and on the availability of phosphorus (P) in a flooded soil was investigated in a model experiment. An experimental set‐up was developed that imitates both O₂ release and P uptake by the rice root. The results showed that O₂ secretion significantly reduced P adsorption/retention and increased P desorption/release in the “rhizosphere” soil, compared to the anaerobic bulk soil. The P uptake by an anion exchange resin from both unfertilized and P‐amended soil was significantly increased. The results confirm that the O₂ secretion is an important mechanism to enhance P availability and P uptake of rice under flooded conditions, where the “physico‐chemical” availability of P in the anaerobic bulk soil is strongly reduced. The decrease of P availability in the P‐amended flooded bulk soil was mainly associated with the almost complete transformation of the precedingly enriched Al‐P fraction into Fe‐bound P with extremely low desorption/release characteristics during the subsequent flooding.     

Gross fluxes of nitrogen in grassland soil exposed to elevated atmospheric pCO2 for seven years

Plant response to increasing atmospheric CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂) depends on several factors, one of which is mineral nitrogen availability facilitated by the mineralisation of organic N. Gross rates of N mineralisation were examined in grassland soils exposed to ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (60 Pa) atmospheric pCO₂ for 7 years in the Swiss Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment experiment. It was hypothesized that increased below-ground translocation of photoassimilates at elevated pCO₂ would lead to an increase in immobilisation of N due to an excess supply of energy to the roots and rhizosphere. Intact soil cores were sampled from Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens swards in May and September, 2000. The rates of gross N mineralisation (m) and NH₄⁺ consumption (c) were determined using ¹⁵N isotopic dilution during a 51-h period of incubation. The rates of N immobilisation were estimated either as the difference between m and the net N mineralisation rate or as the amount of ¹⁵N released from the microbial biomass after chloroform fumigation. Soil samples from both swards showed that the rates of gross N mineralisation and NH₄⁺ consumption did not change significantly under elevated pCO₂. The lack of a significant effect of elevated pCO₂ on organic N turnover was consistent with the similar size of the microbial biomass and similar immobilisation of applied ¹⁵N in the microbial N pool under ambient and elevated pCO₂. Rates of m and c, and microbial ¹⁵N did not differ significantly between the two sward types although a weak (p<0.1) pCO₂ by sward interaction occurred. A significantly larger amount of NO₃⁻ was recovered at the end of the incubation in soil taken from T. repens swards compared to that from L. perenne swards. Eleven percent of the added ¹⁵N were recovered in the roots in the cores sampled under L. perenne, while only 5% were recovered in roots of T. repens. These results demonstrate that roots remained a considerable sink despite the shoots being cut at ground level prior to incubation and suggest that the calculation of N immobilisation from gross and net rates of mineralisation in soils with a high root biomass does not reflect the actual immobilisation of N in the microbial biomass. The results of this study did not support the initial hypothesis and indicate that below-ground turnover of N, as well as N availability, measured in short-term experiments are not strongly affected by long-term exposure to elevated pCO₂. It is suggested that differences in plant N demand, rather than major changes in soil N mineralisation/immobilisation, are the long-term driving factors for N dynamics in these grassland systems.     

高能混合粒子场诱变小麦的细胞学效应研究

利用北京正负电子对撞机直线加速器E2束流打靶产生高能混合粒子场,以0、109、145、1952、84和560Gy的剂量处理两个冬小麦品种ZY9和ZH7,并与相同剂量的60Coγ射线相比较,研究其细胞学效应。试验结果表明,混合粒子场辐照小麦种子可抑制根尖细胞有丝分裂,诱发染色体出现单微核、双微核、多微核、环状染色体、落后染色体、游离染色体、染色体断片等多种畸变类型。混合粒子场与γ射线诱发的微核畸变率和染色体畸变率均存在明显的剂量效应,但混合粒子场的损伤效应明显高于γ射线。混合粒子场可诱发高频率的环状染色体和染色体断片,显示出混合粒子场处理小麦具有比γ射线处理更高的相对生物学效应。     

大气污染物SO2对农作物环境的影响研究

按照某燃煤电厂扩建工程预测的大气SO_2浓度,模拟试验研究低浓度SO_2对小麦的慢性伤害和高浓度SO_2对玉米的急性伤害阈值结果表明,小麦“津85-3”和“绵阳15”减产5％的慢性伤害阈值剂量分别为8.329mg·h、20.519 mg·h,阈值浓度为0.043mg/m~3、0.122mg/m~3。高浓度SO_2对玉米三叶期幼株的急性伤害临界剂量为2.50mg/m~3×4h、4~92mg/m~3×2h和7.38mg/m~3×1h,当玉米叶片枯斑率达5％时其急性伤害阈值为5.90mg/m~3×8h、6.49mg/m~3×6h、11.80mg/m~3×4h、15.00mg/m~3×2h和17.00mg/m~3×1h。     

Zn2+ 对海滨木槿种子萌发及根伸长抑制效应的研究

探讨Zn2+对海滨木槿种子萌发及根伸长抑制效应对在污染严重的海滨栽种海滨木槿及海滨重金属污染植物修复具有重要意义。测定了不同Zn2+浓度梯度下的海滨木槿种子发芽率、发芽势及根的伸长量和生物量变化,结果表明,较低浓度的Zn2+能够促进海滨木槿种子萌发,但是海滨木槿种子萌发对高浓度Zn2+不敏感,只有Zn2+的浓度为400 mg/g时才对种子萌发表现出抑制作用。Zn2+对海滨木槿种子发芽的抑制效应远小于对根伸长和生物量的抑制效应。随着Zn2+胁迫浓度的升高,海滨木槿根的伸长量及生物量明显降低,海滨木槿根伸长抑制率与Zn2+的浓度有极好的正相关性。     

基于重组外膜蛋白P2的副猪嗜血杆菌抗体间接ELISA方法的建立

旨在建立一种基于重组副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)外膜蛋白(Omp) P2的检测副猪嗜血杆菌抗体的间接ELISA方法.将重组表达的Omp P2纯化后作为ELISA包被抗原,建立了一种基于重组P2蛋白的间接ELISA方法,并对此方法的反应条件进行了优化.确定ELISA的最佳条件为:抗原包被浓度为1.5 μg/mL,被检血清1∶8...     

CdCl2对牛卵母细胞体外成熟及凋亡的影响

利用不同浓度(0,0.8,1.6,2.4 μg/mL)的氯化镉(CdCl2)对处理牛卵母细胞前后对其成熟率、凋亡率、Ca2分布、线粒体膜电位、Bcl-2与Bax的基因表达的影响,初步为重金属对雌性哺乳动物生殖细胞发育及细胞凋亡机制的进一步研究打下基础.利用0,0.8,1.6,2.4 μg/mL的氯化镉(CdCl2)处理...     

A non-ACC pathway for ethylene biosynthesis in Botrytis cinerea

Premature softening and tissue senescence occur in kiwifruit infected with Botrytis cinerea. While ethylene production is enhanced in infected fruit and B. cinerea produces ethylene on defined media in vitro the source of ethylene in this pathosystem is unclear. Ethylene production by B. cinerea was enhanced when methionine or ∝-keto-methylthiobutyric acid (KMBA) was added to a defined (modified Pratts) medium. Although 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) did not stimulate ethylene production, ∝-aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) was inhibitory suggesting a role for a pyridoxal phosphate mediated enzyme reaction down stream from the methionine/KMBA stimulated ethylene biosynthetic pathway. Cobalt chloride (Co²⁺) was inhibitory, but after a 4-d lag period ethylene production from B. cinerea cultures containing methionine and Co²⁺ reached the same level as those without Co²⁺. [U ¹⁴C] methionine was converted to ¹⁴C-ethylene with high efficiency indicating that it is a direct precursor, while [2,3 ¹⁴C]-ACC did not yield radioactively labelled ethylene. These results suggest that the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in B. cinerea does not involve ACC as a precursor and that the enzyme responsible for synthesising ethylene is similar to, but different from, ACC oxidase from higher plants. The ethylene biosynthetic pathway in B. cinerea is yet to be determined.     

施氮水平对大豆光合作用及产量的影响

以绥农14为材料,采用砂培盆栽和测定整株光合作用的方法,研究了施氮水平对大豆光合作用及产量的影响。结果表明,大豆植株CO2吸收速率、光合速率和叶面积大小均随生育时间呈现先升高后降低的单峰曲线变化趋势,高、中氮处理(N135、N90)大豆苗期CO2吸收速率明显高于其他处理,但高氮处理(N135)大豆中后期的CO2吸收速率较低;中氮处理(N90)可以使大豆植株对CO2较高的吸收水平维持到中期;低氮处理(N45)大豆后期CO2吸收速率升高;不施氮处理(N0)大豆前期CO2吸收速率最低,后期维持一般水平。随施氮量增加,明显促进了大豆苗期光合速率的提高,不施氮处理在大豆生育中后期(56～73d)有利于光合速率的提高,施入一定氮(N45)更有利于保持大豆后期较高的光合速率。施氮能促进大豆植株前期叶片的生长,使其在整个生育期内都有较大的叶面积;大豆产量随施氮水平增加呈单峰曲线变化趋势,适度施氮有利于产量的提高。