北疆水库富营养化污染遥感快速监测方法研究

水库受富营养化污染后,水生植物群落结构变的简单,主要以藻类为主。北疆污染水库冬季冰封加排污,使水体含氧量急剧降低,导致绿色光合植物大量死亡或以孢子形式越冬。春季冰雪融化后水体表现为无明显的绿色植物光合色素吸收峰和反射峰,利用二阶衰减指数函数对污染水库水体光谱曲线进行拟合,其拟合优度(R~2)值高。正常水库水生植物群落结构完整,冬季水体含氧量高,植物不会因缺氧死亡,在春季冰雪融化后水体表现为有明显植物光合色素吸收峰和反射峰,利用二阶衰减指数函数对正常水库光谱曲线进行拟合,其R~2值低。本文利用冬季到春季不同水库光谱曲线的二阶衰减指数函数R~2值斜率的变化,衡量了水库富营养化污染状况,即污染程度重,该段R~2的斜率值高,反之该段R~2的斜率值低,污染程度轻。研究结果经水质抽样分析验证,监测结果正确。该研究方法为今后北疆水库水质快速监测提供了新的思路。     

基于多光谱遥感图像的青海湖流域土壤有机质估算初探

土壤有机质是土壤固相部分的重要组成成分,也是陆地表层重要的碳库,其含量的快速、准确测定关乎农牧业生产活动安排与地表过程研究中关键参数的获取效率。为了探寻适合青藏高原高寒地区土壤有机质遥感反演的响应波段及遥感模型,实现区域像元尺度上的土壤表层有机质估算,本文利用Landsat8-OLI多光谱遥感数据与实地采样数据对青海湖流域表层(0～20 cm)土壤进行了有机质含量反演研究。结果表明:Landsat8-OLI影像的第5、6和7波段是青海湖流域土壤有机质含量的特征波段,基于这3个波段构建的土壤有机质遥感反演三元回归模型(R~2=0.704,P0.001),经实测点验证(RMSE=8.66)与相关文献研究结果验证(RMSE=8.85),精度高、稳定性强、预测趋势平稳。本研究不仅为高寒地区土壤有机质含量快速测定提供了一定的技术支持,也为高寒地区的碳库计算、土壤肥力评价、土壤碳循环、农作物估产、草地退化监测等提供了参考。     

Estimating soil moisture content using laboratory spectral data

Monitoring soil moisture is important for agriculture and forestry and plays an essential role in land surface processes as well as providing feedback among the earth’s surface ecosystems. Large-scale regional soil moisture spatial data can be obtained with a reliable and operational approach using remote sensing. In this paper, we provide an operational framework for retrieving soil moisture using laboratory spectral data. The inverted Gaussian function was used to fit soil spectral data, and its feature parameters, including absorption depth (AD) and absorption area (AA), were selected as variables for a soil moisture estimate model. There was a significant correlative relationship between soil moisture and AD, as well as AA near 1400 and 1900 nm. A one-variable linear regression model was established to estimate soil moisture. The model was evaluated using the determination coefficients (R2), root mean square error and average precision.Four models were established and evaluated in this study. The determination coefficients of the four models ranged from 0.794 to 0.845. The average accuracy for soil moisture estimates ranged from 90 to 92%. The results prove that it is feasible to estimate soil moisture using remote sensing technology.     

作物生长模型的应用研究进展

作物生长模型不仅能够进行单点尺度上作物生长发育的动态模拟,而且能够从系统角度评价作物生长状态与环境要素的关系。本文通过梳理当前作物生长模型应用的诸多研究成果,剖析模型在气候变化对农业生产影响研究、作物生长模型区域应用中的关键问题,总结了当前以作物生长模型为核心的农业决策支持系统开发的研究情况,意在促进作物生长模型在生态、农业、区域气候资源和气候变化等研究中更广泛地应用。结果表明,作物生长模型在国内外的研究与应用广泛而深入,在气候变化背景下,应用作物生长模型进行历史时期气候条件和农业气象灾害对作物生产状况和产量的影响研究已相当广泛且相对成熟。利用全球气候模式（GCM）或区域气候模式（RCM）构建未来气候变化情景,再与作物生长模型耦合已发展成为评估未来气候变化对农业生产影响的重要手段。通过集成与整合多作物生长模型、多气候模式集合模拟、优化气候模拟数据订正方法可有效降低气候变化对农业生产影响评估的不确定性。遥感数据同化技术能够将站点模型运用到区域尺度上评价不同环境因子对农业生产的影响,拓宽了作物生长模型的应用尺度范围并有效提高作物产量估算的精度。以作物生长模型为核心的农业决策支持系统的研究与应用越来越多元化,是辅助农业生产管理和决策的重要工具。然而,由于作物生态系统的复杂性,作物生长模型模拟结果仍存在很大的不确定性,今后对作物生长机理及过程间耦合机制的探索还需加强,以便进一步完善和改进模型,促进作物生长模型更广泛地应用。     

基于MODIS遥感数据和GIS的山东省生态环境状况评价

本文利用山东省MODIS遥感影像,以监督分类方法进行了土地利用／覆被分类,通过GIS的空间分析功能提取出生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地退化指数、环境质量指数等评价信息,利用构建的生态环境状况指数（EI）模型,进行了山东省生态环境状况的评价。研究结果表明,山东省生态环境状况整体较好,优、良面积占总面积的61．1％,但同时存在环境污染、土地退化、水资源短缺等问题,生态环境较差、差的面积占16．2％。该研究探索了MODIS数据和GIS技术相结合的生态环境状况评价方法,对区域生态环境的保护和改善具有积极意义。     

Birds as agents of seed dispersal in a human-dominated landscape in southern Costa Rica

Birds play vital roles as seed dispersers helping to maintain and restore plant communities. With restoration increasingly key to global conservation, it is important to understand the landscape attributes and bird community characteristics that most influence avian seed dispersal in human-altered landscapes. We examined bird community structure and seed-dispersal patterns in agricultural countryside in Costa Rica that is typical of much of the Neotropics. Contrary to expectations, bird abundance, not richness, best predicted the richness of bird-dispersed seeds. Neither forest patch size or proximity, nor total tree cover, influenced seed dispersal. The richness and abundance of dispersed seeds, however, was strongly correlated with “wetness,” a remotely-sensed metric of vegetation, at several scales. These results suggest that in this human-dominated tropical region: (1) bird abundance, not species richness or size, may drive seed dispersal, and (2) remote-sensing combined with field verification can detect landscape elements that are helpful for maintaining the option of bird-mediated reforestation.     

Relationship between soil erosion and distance to roadways in undeveloped areas of China

The presence and condition of roadways control the utilization of natural resources, which are associated with direct and indirect impacts on soil erosion in undeveloped countries. This paper addresses the relationship between soil erosion and distance to roadways in Xingguo County, an undeveloped area in Jiangxi Province of South China, for four time periods, 1958, 1975, 1982, and 2000. Soil erosion maps for each time period were interpreted using remote sensing and GIS technology for buffer zones four kilometers wide, subdivided into eight strips, each 0.5 kilometers wide, which were located alongside various types of road classes, namely trunk, town, village, and unpaved. The distribution patterns of various types of erosion were identified by GIS overlay of buffer strips and soil erosion maps. Results demonstrate that soil erosion cases found in buffer zones along both sides of trunk and town roads are the most severe, and areas with severe erosion decrease as distance from the strip to the road increases. However, moderate and slight erosion cases only have a minor relationship to the strip to road distance. There are more severe erosion cases than moderate and light erosion cases alongside village and unpaved roads, but the total area is not distinctly different from moderate and slight erosion cases, and severe erosion cases tend to decrease with an increase in the strip to road distance. Also, areas with severe erosion differentiated by time periods in the strips alongside roadways of all classes, except trunk roads, rank from highest to lowest as follows: 1975, 1958, 1982, and 2000. Notably, severe erosion areas in 1975, 1958 and 1982 are all quite extensive. Soil erosion alongside roadways of various classes is impacted jointly by historical policy, distance to roadways, and landscape. In undeveloped countries and areas, much more attention should be paid to the impacts of road construction, specifically soil erosion associated with road edge construction, and relevant measures for forest resource conservation should be formulated before initiating road construction projects.     

应用遥感技术研究贵州春季蒸散发空间分异规律

蒸散发量的估算对于灌溉策略、蓄水流失、水分平衡计算、径流预测和气象气候研究等都是不可缺少的因素.遥感(RS)和地理信息技术(GIS)的发展实现了蒸散发量的空间分布估算.利用1 km分辨率的MODIS影像数据反演的下垫面参数(如地表温度、反照率等)数据、日值的气象数据的空间插值结果数据及高程数据等基础信息数据,以贵州省典型喀斯特环境为研究区域,利用Penman-monteith蒸散发模型,在面的尺度上估算连续2个月的日值蒸散发量,定量描述蒸散发量的转化过程.通过蒸散发与相关因子的相关性分析,总结出贵州省影响蒸散发量时间动态、空间分布变化的主要影响因子和限制因子,进一步探索典型喀斯特生态环境的贵州省蒸散发量的变化规律.     

基于物联网的日光温室环境监测在线校准

[目的]温室环境条件特别是温度对于作物生长和发育具有十分显著的影响。日光温室调控的主要环境因子之一是温度。然而,自然环境下的光照对温度产生作用,影响空气温度的监测精度。大多温度传感要求将传感器置于避光处,然而实际应用中难以保证。[方法]采用机器学习中的支持向量机算法(SVM),对日光温室内的温度智能监测算法进行了研究,根据光照情况对实时监测的温度数据进行校准。[结果]通过与实验测量的数据进行对比分析,结果表明,所提出的监测方法可以较为准确地实时监测空气温度,从而无需使用隔热材料或者遮阳处理,就可以基于监测的数据更精确地对相应的环境因素进行调节。[结论]基于该方法,可采用常用的工业设备实现温室大棚内实时温度数据的监测,既可以节约设备和人力成本,又可以为温室控制提供准确的数据。     

Study on a soil erosion sampling survey in the Pan-Third Pole region based on higher-resolution images

Soil erosion is one of the most severe global environmental problems, and soil erosion surveys are the scientific basis for planning soil conservation and ecological development. To improve soil erosion sampling survey methods and accurately and rapidly estimate the actual rates of soil erosion, a Pan-Third Pole region was taken as an example to study a methodology of soil erosion sampling survey based on high-spatial-resolution remote sensing images. The sampling units were designed using a stratified variable probability systematic sampling method. The spatiotemporal characteristics of soil erosion and conservation were taken into account, and finer-resolution freely available and accessible images in Google Earth were used. Through the visual interpretation of the free high-resolution remote sensing images, detailed information on land use and soil conservation measures was obtained. Then, combined with the regional soil erosion factor data products, such as rainfall-runoff erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), and slope length and steepness factor (LS), the soil loss rates of some sampling units were calculated. The results show that, based on these high-resolution remote sensing images, the land use and soil conservation measures of the sampling units can be quickly and accurately extracted. The interpretation accuracy in 4 typical cross sections was more than 80%, and sampling accuracy, described by histogram similarity in 11 large sampling sites, show that the landuse of sampling uints can represent the structural characteristics of regional land use. Based on the interpretation of data from the sample survey and the regional soil erosion factor data products, the calculation of the soil erosion rate can be completed quickly. The calculation results can reflect the actual conditions of soil erosion better than the potential soil erosion rates calculated by using the coarse-resolution remote sensing method.