Parameterization of ruminal fibre degradation in low-quality tropical forage using Michaelis–Menten kinetics

This work aimed to parameterize the ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) from low-quality tropical forage using Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The intake, rumen outflow (L), fractional degradation rate (kd), discrete lag (LAG) and effective degradability (ED) of NDF, and the microbial flow of nitrogenous compounds into the small intestine (Nmic) were assessed in two 5 ×  5 Latin square experiments by using five Holstein × Zebu heifers cannulated in the rumen. The experiments were carried out sequentially and the treatments were formed by increasing the level of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds. A low-quality signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) hay was used as roughage. The nitrogen supplement was a mixture of urea, ammonium sulfate and albumin, at the ratios of 4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively. The crude protein contents in the diets ranged from 51.9 to 136.3 g/kg of dry matter. The rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) concentration was used as an independent variable. The NDF intake, L and Nmic showed a quadratic pattern (P < 0.05) as a function of RAN concentration, and the critical points (maximum responses) were observed with 15.17, 16.28, and 14.52 mg of RAN/dL of rumen fluid, respectively. On the other hand, ED and LAG presented a linear-response-plateau (P < 0.05) according to the RAN concentration, with break points close to 8 mg/dL for ED (maximum estimate) and LAG (minimum estimate). The RAN concentrations to optimize NDF degradation and intake were defined as 8 and 15 mg/dL, respectively. This difference between estimates appears to be due to a better adequacy of the metabolizable protein:metabolizable energy ratio in the animal metabolism, which increases the animal intake even after the rumen NDF degradation has been optimized. This observation was supported by Nmic pattern. An adapted Michaelis–Menten model was applied to the data, where RAN was the independent variable and kd the dependent variable. The relationship between these variables was found to be significant by using the Hanes–Woolf plot (P < 0.01). Based on this model, the rate of NDF degradation as a function of RAN concentration indicates that fibre degradation in the rumen could be considered a second order process. In this context, the RAN concentration of 8 mg/dL was assumed as the limit where zero order (below limit) and first order (above limit) reactions become predominant for NDF degradation in the rumen.     

膳食纤维研究进展

论述了膳食纤维的定义和测定方法,介绍了膳食纤维的理化特性及生理功能,对膳食纤维的研究进行了展望。我国居民膳食纤维摄入量不足,应充分利用我国膳食纤维资源丰富的优势,大力推动膳食纤维产业的发展。     

基于三维建模和数值模拟的CNG发动机进气系统分析

发动机进气系统的结构直接影响到发动机各缸的燃烧情况以及热负荷等各项性能,利用CFD技术建立三维流动模型,根据CFD计算经验将进气管内的气体流动视为三维可压缩定常流动。根据进气系统的CAD图利用GAMBIT软件建立三维模型并进行网格划分,最后用FLUENT软件进行三维流动的模拟计算,得到流场内各处流体速度的分布和变化情况,计算出各歧管出口处的流体质量流量,并分析了进气的不均匀性。     

4种热带灌木饲用价值研究

测定了银合欢、大叶千斤拔、木豆和假木豆等4种常见热带灌木的主要营养成分和单宁含量及在舍饲条件下海南黑山羊对4种供试植物的采食量,采用饲料相对值RFV( Relative Feed Value)和粗饲料分级指数GI( Grading Index)对4种热带灌木的饲用品质进行了评定,并对干物质采食量与供试植物营养成分和单宁含量作了相关性分析.结果表明:2种评定体系分析表明,4种供试植物都有较高的饲用价值,且其在2种评定体系中的排序完全一致;海南黑山羊对热带灌木的采食量显著受到植物中干物质、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维、单宁含量的影响,海南黑山羊对干物质含量高且单宁含量低的植物有较高的采食量.     

四冲程汽油机缸内斜轴涡流研究

利用双特征角气道稳流试验台,对一款二气门四冲程单缸试验机的3种不同进气道方案进行了不同测试平面的气流运动试验和分析.结果表明,提高原气道涡流强度来改善燃烧的同时会降低气道的流通能力,但适度提高滚流强度的同时还可以提高流通能力.利用测得的无因次涡流比和滚流比,提出了一个简便的斜轴涡流特征参数计算公式,并通过试验数据给予了有效性证明.另外对特征角α=60°时的无因次涡流比和利用涡流与滚流合成的无因次斜轴涡流比进行了线性回归分析,3种方案数据的相关系数分别是0.96、0.97、0.97,因此,通过稳流气道试验台测取某一特征角度下的无因次涡流比可以评价进气道斜轴涡流的性能.     

Flavonoids in Food and Their Health Benefits

There has been increasing interest in the research of flavonoids from dietary sources, due to growing evidence of the versatile health benefits of flavonoids through epidemiological studies. As occurrence of flavonoids is directly associated with human daily dietary intake of antioxidants, it is important to evaluate flavonoid sources in food. Fruits and vegetables are the main dietary sources of flavonoids for humans, along with tea and wine. However, there is still difficulty in accurately measuring the daily intake of flavonoids because of the complexity of existence of flavonoids from various food sources, the diversity of dietary culture, and the occurrence of a large amount of flavonoids itself in nature. Nevertheless, research on the health aspects of flavonoids for humans is expanding rapidly. Many flavonoids are shown to have antioxidative activity, free-radical scavenging capacity, coronary heart disease prevention, and anticancer activity, while some flavonoids exhibit potential for anti–human immunodeficiency virus functions. As such research progresses, further achievements will undoubtedly lead to a new era of flavonoids in either foods or pharmaceutical supplements. Accordingly, an appropriate model for a precise assessment of intake of flavonoids needs to be developed.Most recent research has focused on the health aspects of flavonoids from food sources for humans. This paper reviews the current advances in flavonoids in food, with emphasis on health aspects on the basis of the published literature, which may provide some guidance for researchers in further investigations and for industries in developing practical health agents.     

科学理解农药最大残留限量的概念

农药在作物及食品生产中的有益作用已为世界所公认,但是食品中残留微量农药是否对人体健康有危害仍是目前人们关注的焦点。允许的农药残留不应该对人体健康产生影响,因为任何农药在可以使用前必须经过一个包括科学的风险评估在内的农药登记管理程序的评审。最大残留限量（MRLs）是指在优良农业措施（GAP）下使用某农药可能产生的在食物中的最高残留浓度（单位为mg/kg, 指每公斤商品中残留农药的毫克数）,其数值必须是毒理学上可以接受的。MRLs的主要作用是来检验食品生产过程是否严格执行GAP,以及帮助经农药处理的农产品在国际贸易中正常进行进出口活动。MRLs不是一个绝对的安全限量,即接触残留超标的食品并不一定肯定意味着对健康有危害。但是MRLs也经常作为食品安全管理的第一道防线,成为保障人类健康最初级的预警机制。MRLs是各国政府和联合国食品法典委员会设定的,这些设定的标准被应用于国际贸易中。     

The effect of cutting time of grass silage in primary growth and regrowth and the interactions between silage quality and concentrate level on milk production of dairy cows

Two silages were prepared from the primary growth (PG) of timothy-meadow fescue sward at early (E) and late (L) stage of growth. The subsequent regrowth (RG) areas were further harvested at early (EE and LE) and late (EL and LL) stages of growth resulting in six silages in total. The silages were fed ad libitum to 24 lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows and supplemented with 8 or 12 kg concentrate per day in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 21-day periods and 6 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The quality of silages varied markedly within and between the harvests although variation was greater within PG than RG. Postponing the harvest in PG decreased silage dry matter (DM) intake by 0.48 kg and energy corrected milk yield (ECM) by 0.61 per 10 g decrease in silage D-value (concentration of digestible organic matter in DM), while responses and the range between the diets were clearly smaller when RG silages were fed. On average, ECM yield was higher when PG rather than RG silages were fed. The mean response to increased concentrate DM intake was 0.62 kg ECM using diets based on PG. The response increased with increasing growth stage of grass being 0.34 and 1.01 kg ECM / kg additional concentrate DM for E and L, respectively. The difference was mainly mediated by the differences in substitution rates (reduction in silage DM intake per increase in concentrate DM intake, kg/kg), which were 0.71 and 0.22 for E and L, respectively. The ECM response to increased concentrate allowance was on average greater when RG rather than PG silages (0.92 vs. 0.62 kg/kg concentrate) were fed. Milk production of dairy cows reflected the intake of metabolizable energy and no differences in the utilization of it were found between diets based on silages harvested from PG and RG. However, intake of RG silages was slightly lower than that of comparable PG silage, but definite reasons for that could not be identified.     

Evaluation of tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) forage as a substitute for concentrate in diets of sheep

A feeding trial was carried out for 90 days to asses the supplementing effect of tagasaste forage as a substitute for a concentrate supplement (wheat bran–noug seed cake (Gizotia abyssinica) mixture in 3:1 proportion) using 24 Menz male sheep (initial weight of 18.3 ± 1.6 kg). The sheep were fed on natural pasture hay as basal diet. The treatments were iso-nitrogenous supplements of 100% concentrate offered at 200 g DM/sheep/day (T1), 67% concentrate + 33% tagasaste (T2), 33% concentrate + 67% tagasaste (T3) and 100% tagasaste (T4). Digestibility tests of treatment diets were done for 10 days following the feeding trial using the same experimental animals. At the end of the experiment, carcass parameters were also evaluated. In situ degradability of feeds was determined using three rumen fistulated crossbred steers. Tagasaste forage contains more CP (215 g/kg), ADF (221 g/kg), ADL (69 g/kg); and less NDF (351 g/kg) compared to the concentrate. The concentrate had a high immediately soluble fraction (a), and a low insoluble but potential degradable matter (b), while tagasaste had a low a and higher b values and the overall potential degradability was 755, 702, and 586 g/kg, for tagasaste, concentrate and natural pasture hay respectively. Tagasaste forage had also shown higher rates of degradation (c) compared to the concentrate which might increase the total effective degradability. In the feeding trial the supplements made 26.8, 27.0, 28.3 and 29% of the total dry matter (DM) intake for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Increasing the inclusion of tagasaste forage significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the daily total DM intake of the basal diet and total metabolizable energy (ME), and increased the CP intake. The average weight gain of sheep did not show significant difference (P > 0.05), but had a decreasing trend, with 44.4, 41.4, 38.9 and 38.1 g/sheep for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The in vivo digestibility of DM and nutrients generally followed the order of T1 > T2 > T3 > T4. The dressing percentage of the carcass was 40.4% and all other parameters measured did not show significant variation due to treatment diets (P > 0.05). However, weight of liver, kidney and spleen was higher for sheep fed with higher tagasaste forage diet. The result of this study revealed that tagasaste can substitute wheat bran–noug seed cake concentrate mixture as a protein supplement. Options to increase the low ME and minimize the effect of the anti nutritional factors will improve nutrient digestibility in tagasaste forage and will enhance the overall efficiency of feed utilization.     

高温对肉鸡生产的危害与应对措施

分析了高温对肉鸡生产的危害，并提出了应对措施。指出高温条件下，稳定肉鸡生产成绩关键措施为推广使用屋面喷水等措施，营造人工小气候，控制生产区环境温度；合理调整日粮营养结构，维持电解质和酸碱平衡、补充维生素、添加中草药，增强机体抗热应激能力；最热时间段使用湿拌料，并根据养户资源，适度添加煲熟黄豆、煲熟稻谷、煲熟玉米等各类杂粮，提高饲料适口性，保持采食量稳定；严格执行卫生消毒措施，减少疾病发生。