Quantitative assessment of the fungal contribution to microbial tissue in soil

The fungi-to-bacteria ratio in soil ecological concepts and its application to explain the effects of land use changes have gained increasing attention over the past decade. Four different main approaches for quantifying the fungal and bacterial contribution to microbial tissue can be distinguished: (1) microscopic methods, (2) selective inhibition, (3) specific cell membrane components and (4) specific cell wall components. In this review, the different methods were compared and we hypothesized that all these approaches result in similar values for the fungal and bacterial contribution to total microbial biomass, activity, and residues (dead microbial tissue) if these methods are evenly reliable for the estimation of fungal biomass. The fungal contribution to the microbial biomass or respiration varied widely between 2 and 95% in different data sets published over the past three decades. However, the majority of the literature data indicated that fungi dominated microbial biomass, respiration or non-biomass microbial residues, with mean percentages obtained by the different methodological approaches varying between 35 and 76% in different soil groups, i.e. arable, grassland, and forest soils and litter layers. Microscopic methods generally gave the lowest average values, especially in arable and grasslands soils. Very low ratios in fungal biomass C-to-ergosterol obtained by microscopic methods suggest a severe underestimation of fungal biomass by certain stains. Relatively consistent ratios of ergosterol to linoleic acid (18:2ω6,9) indicate that both cell membrane components are useful indicators for saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi. More quantitative information on the PLFA content of soil bacteria and the 16:1ω5 content of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is urgently required to fully exploit the great potential of PLFA measurements. The most consistent results have been obtained from the analysis of fungal glucosamine and bacterial muramic acid in microbial residues. Component-specific δ¹³C analyses of PLFA and amino sugars are a promising prospect for the near future.     

基于针阀升程的喷油泵试验台数字化量油

为解决目前国内喷油泵试验台用量筒计量燃油误差较大的问题,通过研究喷油器的喷油量与针阀升程、喷油时间、主轴转速、喷油压力等的关系,推导出喷油量公式并计算得出精确的喷油量,经单片机处理进行数字显示.经验证试验表明:由公式计算所得结果符合实际测量数值,数字化量油方法可行.     

柴油机催化型颗粒捕集器喷油助燃再生特征

针对在用车辆的排放升级改造,以及满足非道路移动源四阶段排放标准限制要求,该文基于自主开发的喷油助燃主动再生系统,开展了加装DPF(diesel particulate filter)和不同CDPF(catalyzed diesel particulate filter)后处理器的发动机外特性试验和喷油助燃主动再生燃烧试验。结果表明:催化剂负载量为530g/m~3的CDPF,对外特性下发动机的动力性和经济性影响较小,并为碳烟再生提供了充足的NO_2组分,因而其最大排气压差比DPF低8.8kPa。630℃时无二次供气的CDPF其再生效率高达96.4%,载体最高温度比DPF低31℃;采用二次供气速率1.25L/s、时长180s,继续供气速率0.625 L/s、时长420 s的再生方案,600℃时CDPF的再生效率为83.2%,载体最高温度比无二次供气时降低了64℃;进行停机再生与怠速再生时,催化剂负载量为530 g/m~3的CDPF具有更好的再生特性,其停机再生效率为76.4%,怠速再生效率达到88.5%。本研究对开发安全、高效的主动再生系统具有借鉴意义,并可为催化条件下的主动再生策略研究提供数据支撑。     

预混比和喷油定时对异丁醇/柴油RCCI燃烧与排放特性的影响

通过在一台六缸增压柴油机上进行了异丁醇/柴油双燃料活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)的试验,探究了异丁醇作为低活性燃料在不同的预混比(premixing ratio,R_p)和喷油定时(start of injection,SOI)下对发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响。结果表明,随着SOI的提前,点火延迟(ignition delay,ID)延长,放热率峰值(maximum heat release rate,HRRm)先增大后减小;在排放方面,THC和CO的排放水平降低,NOx呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而在R_p=30%～50%时,颗粒物(particle matter,PM)的排放呈现先降低后升高的变化,当R_p=60%时则只表现出了降低的趋势。此外,随着异丁醇R_p的增加,ID和燃烧持续期(combustionduration,CD)都增长,HRR_m降低;在排放方面,THC和CO排放升高,NOx排放降低,而PM排放在R_p=30%下具有最高的水平,R_p=40%和R_p=50%时则都显示出较低的水平,而在Rp=60%下整体有所升高。此外,粒径分布显示3～30 nm的核态颗粒物(nuclear particle matter,PMN)排放数量最高,但质量占比非常小。而在PM排放质量分布中,主导的PM是粒径为30～500 nm的积聚态颗粒物(accumulated particle matter,PMA)。     

蚯蚓仿生注液沃土装置设计与试验

蚯蚓吞噬土壤,构建洞穴,发挥了肥沃土壤的重要作用。该文借助工程仿生技术手段,运用计算机图像处理技术对蚯蚓头部、体节轮廓图像进行量化分析,提取并拟合蚯蚓头部和体节的轮廓曲线,构建注液沃土装置的仿生几何结构表面。仿蚯蚓背孔排布方式设计了3孔和6孔注液型沃土装置,以UHMWPE为材料制备样机,并采用农机土槽试验系统开展注液沃土装置样机选型试验,考察孔数、是否注液、材料、表面结构4个参数对工作阻力和土壤粘附量的影响。试验结果表明,各参数对工作阻力的影响程度依次为:注液孔数材料表面结构;对土壤粘附量的影响程度依次为:表面结构孔数材料注液。从8类样机中确定的优选类型为:有6个注液孔、UHMWPE材质且具有仿生几何结构表面的仿生注液沃土装置。对选定的样机进行验证,结果表明:在相同试验条件下,该样机的平均工作阻力为283.48 N,平均土壤粘附量值为10.93 g,均低于其他类型样机。该研究工作可为实施机械化沃土工程提供技术参考。     

柴油机多次喷射干扰的喷油脉宽评估方法及抑制策略

为了防止柴油机多次喷射相互干扰或重叠对喷油器、控制器以及发动机性能造成影响。该文选取大、中、小负荷3种工况,进行了预喷与主喷不同程度重叠对喷油器驱动电流、柴油机缸内燃烧及排放性能影响的台架试验。试验结果表明：当预喷与主喷重叠时,喷油器的最大提升电流达到39 A左右,约为喷油器规定电流的2倍,极有可能对喷油器及控制器造成损坏;重叠度在0以上时,喷油器处于连续开启状态,2次喷油合并为1次喷油,预喷效果消失,燃烧滞燃期延长;重叠度0与-50%相比,3种工况的着火延迟角度分别增加4.1、4.8和5.2 °CA,增幅分别为86.7%、115%和99%;随着滞燃期延长,燃烧始点推迟,缸内压力及燃烧温度升高,燃烧噪声增加,排放性能受到一定程度的影响。针对预喷与主喷重叠带来的问题,提出了基于喷油脉宽评估方法的多次喷射干扰抑制策略,并进行了台架验证试验。结果表明：当抑制系统监测到预喷与主喷会发生干扰或重叠时,控制策略能够协调预喷在合理的角度范围内进行喷射;当预喷不能满足喷油角度释放条件时,抑制策略通过控制状态字有效关闭预喷。研究结果可为柴油机多次喷射协调控制提供理论依据。     

柴油机颗粒捕集器再生温度预测模型

柴油机颗粒捕集器在再生阶段的温度预测问题直接与后处理系统甚至整车的经济性、安全性相关。该文采用仿真分析计算与发动机试验验证相结合的方式,对柴油机颗粒捕集器在再生阶段的温度特性及其影响因素进行分析。首先运用GT-Power软件对后处理系统进行建模,并分析了不同再生目标温度对再生效率的影响以及不同碳载量对稳态再生温度的影响。仿真结果表明：较高的再生目标温度有助于降低单位质量颗粒物的再生油耗,当再生目标温度为500 ℃时,单位质量颗粒物的再生油耗为372.7 g,当目标温度提高到700 ℃时该值降低至3.8g,但当目标温度达到600 ℃以上,再生目标温度对单位质量颗粒物再生油耗的改善效果不明显;当碳载量超过46 g（12.7 g/L）再生时,颗粒捕集器内部温度超过800 ℃,颗粒捕集器出现烧蚀失效的风险较高,因此应当限制触发再生的碳载量限值。在仿真计算结果的基础上,运用发动机台架试验对再生温度特性进行测试验证,试验结果与仿真结果较吻合,结果表明,该温度预测模型可对颗粒捕集器再生阶段的温度分布、再生油耗及最高温度等进行预测,对提高再生阶段燃油经济性,降低颗粒捕集器的烧蚀失效风险,具有重要的指导意义。     

Direct seeding as an alternative to transplanting for guayule in southeast Queensland

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is a source of high quality rubber and low-allergenic latex. Commercial potential of guayule to produce high value latex products has increased due to the increased incidence of deadly diseases in humans. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of direct seeding in southeast Queensland as an alternative to establishment by the current high cost transplanting method. Experiments were conducted for 2 years at Gatton, Queensland using physical and chemical seed treatments. NaOCl plus GA₃, osmo-priming with polyethylene glycol, seed pelleting and seed tape planting were tested. Planting depth had a significant influence on seedling emergence. Emergence at 18 mm depth (1.5 seedlings/m) was significantly reduced compared with 10 mm depth (2.9 seedlings/m). Osmo-priming was effective in increasing germination from 36 to 47%. It also improved seedling emergence and vigour. Osmo-priming significantly increased establishment (7.5 seedlings/m) compared with untreated seed (3.3 seedlings/m). NaOCl plus GA₃ did not have a significant influence on germination (38%) or seedling emergence (5.0 seedlings/m) but increased survival at 42 days after planting. Establishment as a percentage of emerged seedlings was high for both osmo-primed and NaOCl plus GA₃ treatments with 89 and 88% respectively, whereas untreated seed had only 70% survival. Osmo-priming also increased vigour as indicated by increased root length (101 mm), shoot height (123 mm), and seedling dry matter (379 mg/seedling) compared with the control (83, 107 mm and 206 mg/seedling, respectively).     

Assessment of management of direct seeded rice production under different water conditions in Cambodia

In order to assess direct seeding of rice technology to cope with future agricultural labor shortage in Cambodia, agronomic experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to compare direct seeding with transplanting under three water conditions (non-flooded, shallow flooded, and deep flooded conditions) with/without weed control by herbicides (bentazone and cyhalofop-butyl) for two Cambodian rice varieties (shorter stature and early maturity Sen Pidao, taller stature and longer maturity Phka Rumduol). Average rice yield in 2 years was lower in direct seeding (341 g m⁻²) than transplanting (404 g m⁻²), but interaction components with year, varieties, water conditions, and weed management were significant, and the attained maximum yield of direct seeding (510 and 464 g m⁻² for Phka Rumduol variety in shallow flooded condition with weeding in 2005 and 2006, respectively) was similar to that of transplanting. Plant length and dry weight of rice were reduced in non-flooded and deep flooded conditions compared with shallow flooded condition, and grain yield was the highest in shallow flooded condition. Yield advantage of Phka Rumduol over Sen Pidao increased under direct seeding, particularly under non-flooded conditions in 2005 because weed infestation was more suppressed in Phka Rumduol even without weeding. Increase in 100 g m⁻² of weed infestation prior to heading (dry weight basis) reduced about 20% of attainable yield with weed control. This study identified importance of stature and growth duration of rice varieties and presence of standing water as well as the weed control, in order to develop and extend direct seeding in the Cambodia.     

柴油机燃用生物质燃油--柴油混合燃料燃烧特性的研究

在测定生物质燃油物理性能的基础上,将生物质燃油和柴油做各种配比,最后筛选出了生物质燃油柴油(体积比)=19的混合燃料与纯柴油进行了台架对比试验.结果表明在发动机结构不变的情况下,燃用混合燃料1和混合燃料2是可行的,与纯柴油相比节油效果显著,节油率可分别达11.7%和6.6%,并有效降低了柴油机的排放污染,CO2含量分别降低了7.1%和4.5%.