An investigation of avoidance by Antarctic krill of RRS James Clark Ross using the Autosub-2 autonomous underwater vehicle

The autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Autosub-2 was deployed on eight missions ahead of RRS James Clark Ross in the northern Weddell Sea and in the Bransfield Strait, Southern Ocean, to assess avoidance of the research vessel by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. The AUV was equipped with the same type of scientific echosounder as the research vessel (Simrad EK500 operating at 38 and 120 kHz) and measured the density of krill along transect acoustically (g m⁻² wet mass) prior to the ship’s arrival. We hypothesised that if krill avoided the ship, perhaps in response to radiated noise, then the ship should detect less krill than the AUV which is known to have much lower noise levels than the ship. We were unable to detect any significant difference between the density of krill detected by the ship or the AUV, either at the transect level or at finer scales within transects. We conclude, therefore, that avoidance by krill of RRS James Clark Ross will not significantly bias acoustic estimates of krill abundance by this vessel.     

NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐性小黑麦幼苗Na~+、K~+、Cl~-吸收及分配的影响

为了解小黑麦耐盐性与离子吸收之间的关系,以4个耐盐性不同的小黑麦品种为材料,分析了不同浓度NaCl(0、50、100、200mmol·L-1)胁迫处理10d后,小黑麦幼苗鲜重、地上部分和根部Na+、K+、Cl-分布以及限钠能力和K+/Na+的变化。结果表明,随NaCl浓度的升高,4个小黑麦品种鲜重均逐步降低,Na+、Cl-含量大幅提高;除中饲828外,其他3个品种的地上部Na+、Cl-含量均高于根部;K+含量随NaCl浓度的升高而逐步下降,根部下降幅度大于地上部。随NaCl浓度的升高,小黑麦地上部限钠能力及地上部分和根部K+/Na+逐渐降低。在4个品种中,抗盐性强的中饲828地上部能维持相对较低的Na+、Cl-含量,具有较高的K+/Na+,生物量也较高;盐敏感品种劲松49则相反。说明限制地上部Na+的吸收和维持较高的K+/Na+是小黑麦耐盐的策略之一。     

浅谈水稻育秧基质研究进展

本文对生物质资源、矿物质资源及其二者混合等不同类型育秧基质的研究进展进行了简要介绍,分析了基质存在的主要问题并提出对策,为水稻育秧基质的研究提出了可行性的建议。     

Ash and biochar amendment of coarse sandy soil for growing crops under drought conditions

Appropriate soil amendments may increase plant available water and crop yields on coarse sandy soils under drought conditions. In this study, we applied straw ash or straw biochar from gasification to a Danish coarse sandy subsoil to assess the effects on soil water retention, evapotranspiration and crop yields. Spring barley (2016, 2017) and winter wheat (2018) were grown over three years in columns containing 25cm of organic matter-rich topsoil, 80 cm of amended coarse sandy soil (1.5%, 3%, 6% wt. ash or 1% wt. biochar or control soil) and 45 cm of un-amended subsoil. Precipitation, evaporative demands and soil moisture were recorded across the growth seasons, with 2018 having severe drought conditions. This year evapotranspiration levels increased with increasing ash and biochar content (by 54% and 33% for the 6% ash- and 1% biochar-amended soils, respectively), and plant dry matter increased by 18% in both the 1% biochar- and 6% ash-treated soils compared to the untreated control. A linear relationship was established between in situ field capacity and ash dosage (R² = .96), showing an increase of 2.2% per percentage (wt.) of ash added, while the 1% biochar treatment increased the capacity by 3.5%, indicating a higher efficiency than for ash. However, we did not find significant positive effects on grain yields. The results show that ash and biochar have the potential to significantly increase soil water retention, evapotranspiration and total dry matter yield in drought conditions, but that this may not correspond to an increase in grain yield.     

闽北丝栗栲的单木级生物量模型及估算参数

[目的]研究丝栗栲单木级生物量模型及估算参数。[方法]以闽北典型的阔叶树种——丝栗栲为研究对象,基于20株标准木的测量数据建立丝栗栲的单木级生物量模型和生物量估算参数。[结果]①筛选出总量及各部分生物量模型分别是B=0.095D2.561(整株)、B=0.026(D2H)0.986(树干)、B=0.004D2.916(树枝)、B=0.002D3.074(树叶)、B=0.085D2.536(地上)和B=0.010D2.718(地下)。②生物量换算系数的平均值为0.853 mg/m3(n=20,SD=0.167);生物量扩展系数的平均值为1.403(n=20,SD=0.260);根茎比的平均值为0.189(n=20,SD=0.046)。[结论]该研究为亚热带常绿阔叶林的森林生物量准确估算提供了必要的数据支撑。     

外源 Ca^2 ＋对干旱胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗抗旱性及生物量的影响

[目的]为了了解外源Ca^2＋对干旱下矮牵牛幼苗生长的影响。[方法]采用盆栽控水的方法,研究了在干旱胁迫和复水条件下,施用不同浓度CaCl2对矮牵牛幼苗抗旱性和生物量的影响。[结果]随着干旱胁迫的加深和时间的延长,施加CaCl2均能显著降低矮牵牛的旱害指数,增加矮牵牛幼苗的干物质积累量和干物质根冠比,减小干旱胁迫对矮牵牛造成的伤害;复水处理后,施加CaCl2的各处理旱害指数均显著低于对照,干物质积累量和干物质根冠比均显著高于对照。[结论]在干旱胁迫过程中,施用CaCl2能增加矮牵牛幼苗的干物质积累量和干物质根冠比,并减小干旱胁迫对矮牵牛造成的伤害,其中以40mmol／LCaCl2对矮牵牛效果最好。     

浑善达克沙地植被恢复特征研究

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,以内蒙古自治区克什克腾旗浑善达克沙地不同治理时间及不同演替阶段沙地为对象,从物种科属组成、生活型组成、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数和生物量等方面入手,定量分析了沙地不同治理时期及不同演替阶段植被的恢复特征。结果表明,随着治理年限的不断增加,沙地植物群落自然侵入的植物种数逐渐增加,由2010年治理时的2种,增加到1995年治理的9种。沙地植物物种多样性不断增大,物种均匀度则呈下降趋势。沙地群落地上生物量和地下生物量均随治理年限增加而增加,且增幅较大。从流动沙地到固定沙地,自然侵入沙地的植物种从2种增加到15种,群落的物种丰富度逐步增高,物种多样性增幅较大。物种均匀度指数呈现出先降低后增长的趋势。地上生物量和地下生物量也均呈现增加趋势。研究结果可为浑善达克沙地的生态治理提供理论依据。     

硝酸钠浓度对亚心形扁藻生长及油脂与淀粉含量的影响

[目的]确定硝酸钠浓度对亚心形扁藻生长及油脂和淀粉含量的影响.[方法]以亚心形扁藻作为试验材料,以海洋微藻培养常用的普适性康维方营养液为基础,考察硝酸钠质量浓度为10 mg/L、60 mg/L、110 mg/L、160 mg/L和210 mg/L的培养基对亚心形扁藻生长及油脂和淀粉含量的影响.[结果]当硝酸钠浓度为10 mg/L时,有利于油脂、淀粉的合成,但此时扁藻生长慢,生物量低,使得这些生物组分的总产量低;当硝酸钠质量浓度为60 mg/L时,油脂和淀粉含量较高,并且扁藻生长快,油脂、淀粉的总产量高;继续增加硝酸钠浓度时,扁藻生物量和各组分含量基本不变.[结论]从微藻生物能源角度考虑,60 mg/L的硝酸钠质量浓度是培养亚心形扁藻的优化浓度.     

基于文献计量的国际生物质能源研发态势分析

以ISI Web of Science论文数据库为文献检索数据源,以生物质能源及相关词语为检索词,对2000～2013年的论文进行检索,从数量、区域、机构、来源、学科以及影响力等方面对国际生物质能源研究发展情况进行分析.结果显示：生物质能源研究论文总体呈线性增长态势;美国、中国、德国、加拿大等国家成为生物质能源研究的重点国家;环境科学与生态学、农学、工程学、生物技术等是生物质能源研究的重点学科领域;生物质能源领域被引用频次较高的论文发表在《NATURE》、《SCIENCE》、《CHEMICAL REVIEWS》等期刊,表明生物质能源研究工作是国际上的研究热点之一.     

生物质原料自动输送系统

主要针对粉末物料及成品颗粒的输送方式及工艺布局进行研究,从粉末物料的存储、破拱和运输过程等方面,对输送设备进行设计和试验.在进入成型机前,将秸秆类粉末物料的含水量调整到最适宜的范围并送入醒料仓内,后为将物料顺利送入料仓底部的输送绞龙内,在料仓的斜坡上加装了辅助落料装置,并对输送装置整体进行5次空载试验,完成最终装备研发设计,降低了生产成本和原料的损耗,减少了废料造成的空气污染,提高了原料的利用率,增加了收益.