一株细菌对蔬菜病原真菌抑菌活性的研究

采用菌丝生长速率法测定分离自实验室的一株细菌对黄瓜灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、辣椒疫病菌(Phytophthora capsici)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的抑菌效果。结果表明,这株细菌对以上3种病原菌均有较好的抑制效果,其中对黄瓜灰霉病菌的抑制效果最好;细菌粗发酵液经一定强度的温度和酸碱处理后仍有一定的抑菌效果,抑菌效果在p H 5.1~9.0之间无显著差异;用胰蛋白酶处理后拮抗活性无明显变化;经硫酸铵处理过的粗发酵液,其上清液与沉淀均具有抑菌活性。     

木霉菌和灰霉菌相互作用关系的初步研究

对灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)和木霉菌BTW41(Trichoderma atroviride)之间相互关系作了初步研究。研究发现木霉菌具有较强的营养竞争能力,BTW41与灰霉菌的对峙菌落接触处,可见灰霉菌菌丝被木霉菌菌丝大量寄生,受到严重破坏,并且灰霉菌菌丝有消解现象。不同木霉菌株对番茄灰霉病的防效不同,BTW41的防效能够达到60.99%。施入叶片上的生防木霉菌孢子应达到一定浓度才会有效地定殖,进而起生防作用,灰霉菌对木霉菌在番茄叶片上定殖有影响。从以往所做的试验来看,木霉菌孢子浓度在108个孢子/mL以上时,对灰霉病的防效较好。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌LJ02对黄瓜抗灰霉病菌的生防效果及其诱导抗性机理的初步研究

 为了解生防解淀粉芽孢杆菌LJ02诱导黄瓜抗灰霉病菌的防治效果和作用机制,分别测量了LJ02的发酵上清液和菌体悬浮液的诱导持效期、最适使用浓度以及最佳施用方法,并采用荧光定量PCR的方法法测定了LJ02诱导处理后黄瓜根部和叶部组织中分别表达PR1a蛋白、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶、过氧化物酶的抗性基因PR-1、PR-2、PR-3、PR-9的相对表达量。结果表明,LJ02诱导黄瓜抗灰霉病菌的持效期在7 d左右,且原液与100倍稀释液效果最好,灌根施用效果最佳。LJ02发酵上清液可诱导PR-1、PR-3、PR-9的表达,LJ02菌体悬浮液可诱导PR-1、PR-2、PR-3的表达。     

Insecticidal and fungicidal activity of new synthesized chitosan derivatives

Chitosan, the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin, is a potential biopolysaccharide owing to its specific structure and properties. In this paper, we report on the synthesis of 24 new chitosan derivatives, N-alkyl chitosans (NAC) and N-benzyl chitosans (NBC), that are soluble in dilute aqueous acetic acid. The different derivatives were synthesized by reductive amination and analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. A high degree of substitution (DS) was obtained with N-(butyl)chitosan (DS 0.36) at a 1:1 mole ratio for NAC derivatives and N-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan (DS 0.52) for NBC derivatives. Their insecticidal and fungicidal activities were tested against larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the grey mould Botrytis cinerea Pers (Leotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) and the rice leaf blast Pyricularia grisea Cavara (Teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr). The oral feeding bioassay indicated that all the derivatives had significant insecticidal activity at 5 g kg(-1) in artificial diet. The most active was N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)chitosan, which caused 100% mortality at 0.625 g kg(-1), with an estimated LC50 of 0.32 g kg(-1). Treated larvae ceased feeding after 2-3 days; the mechanism of action remains unknown. In a radial hyphal growth bioassay with both plant pathogens, all derivatives showed a higher fungicidal action than chitosan. N-Dodecylchitosan, N-(p-isopropylbenzyl)chitosan and N-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan were the most active against B cinerea, with EC50 values of 0.57, 0.57 and 0.52 g litre(-1), respectively. Against P grisea, N-(m-nitrobenzyl)chitosan was the most active, with 77% inhibition at 5 g litre(-1). The effect of different substitutions is discussed in relation to insecticidal and fungicidal activity.     

Microconidia act the role as spermatia in the sexual reproduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis cinerea</Emphasis>

In the sexual reproductive cycle of Botrytis cinerea, large numbers of microconidia were observed in all the crosses that formed sexual bodies. To clarify the role of the microconidia in sexual reproduction, they were separated using a sucrose density gradient and then used in crossing tests with fungal sclerotia. Sexual bodies were formed in all the crosses in the five mating combinations, demonstrating that microconidia are able to function as spermatia during sexual reproduction of B. cinerea.     

8种杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的毒力及田间番茄灰霉病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性

为了解决番茄灰霉病菌的抗性问题,筛选出理想的替代药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了山东寿光和河北徐水两地番茄灰霉病菌对不同类型杀菌剂的敏感性。两地的番茄灰霉病菌对咯菌腈、氟啶胺均高度敏感,对其他不同作用方式的杀菌剂表现出不同的敏感性。用同样方法检测了不同地区的106株番茄灰霉菌对咯菌腈的敏感性,结果显示其EC50值分布在0.003 9～0.044 9μg/mL之间,平均EC50值为(0.014 2±0.008 1)μg/mL。咯菌腈可作为防治番茄灰霉病的候选药剂。     

越橘灰霉病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

对越橘灰霉病进行了病原鉴定、生物学特性及其室内药剂筛选研究.形态特征鉴定与rDNA-ITS序列分析结果表明:Bf.jlnd09菌株鉴定为灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea,GenBank登录号为GU395993).生物学特性测定结果显示:病原菌菌丝生长和产孢最适培养基为PDA,菌丝生长最适碳氮源分别为甘露糖和蛋白胨,而产孢最适碳氮源为葡萄糖和蛋白胨,4～35℃条件下均可生长并产孢(最适20℃),病菌在pH为4.0～10.0条件下均能生长并产孢(最适5.0);孢子萌发最适pH为6.0,最低相对湿度为80％,光暗交替有利于孢子的萌发;分生孢子的致死温度为37℃.室内毒力测定结果表明:60％金万霉灵WP、70％甲基托布津WP和53％金雷多米尔GR 3种杀菌剂对越橘灰霉病菌的抑菌效果显著高于其他药剂.     

中草药提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病原菌的抑制效果

为了对无公害蔬菜病害的防治提供参考,采用生长速率法,将6种中草药提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌活性进行了测定。结果表明:6种中草药提取物中,黄岑提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌效果最好,EC50值最低,分别为8.56mL/L和8.65mL/L;大黄提取物对2种病菌抑菌活性最差,EC50值分别为104.32和269.43;苦参、金银花、板蓝根和补骨脂提取物的抑菌活性表现中等。     

番茄灰霉病菌拮抗基因工程菌株Fh-chib培养条件的研究

[目的]筛选番茄灰霉病菌拮抗基因工程菌株Fh-chib的最佳培养条件。[方法]在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验设计对番茄灰霉病菌拮抗菌株Fh-chib的最佳培养条件(碳源、氮源和无机盐)进行了研究。[结果]工程菌株Fh-chib的最佳培养基配方为0.50%葡萄糖、1.00%蔗糖、1.00%酵母膏、1.50%麸皮、1.00%黄豆饼粉、0.03%MgSO4和0.40%CaCl2。各个因素对发酵液抑菌活性影响的主次顺序为:葡萄糖>蔗糖>CaCl2>黄豆饼粉>酵母膏>麸皮>MgSO4。[结论]为该菌株的工业化生产奠定了基础。     

UV-C irradiation induces defence responses and improves vase-life of cut gerbera flowers

UV-C (λ = 254 nm) irradiation was effective in reducing Botrytis cinerea floret specking (i.e., lesion development) and maintaining a better postharvest quality of cut gerbera flowers. A range of UV-C doses (0.5-10.0 kJ m⁻²) was tested on ‘Ice cream’ and ‘Ecco’ gerbera flowers to activate germicidal and inducible defence mechanisms. Irradiation of B. cinerea cultures with 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 kJ m⁻² UV-C resulted in up to a 10-fold reduction of conidial germination percentages and significant (P < 0.05) delay of mycelium growth, compared to the non-irradiated control cultures. Moreover, lesion diameters on gerbera florets inoculated with UV-C irradiated B. cinerea cultures were reduced by up to 70%, suggesting that UV-C had a negative effect on the pathogenic strength of the fungi. Lesion diameters on florets of UV-C irradiated gerberas were reduced by up to 55% giving evidence that defence responses in the host tissue were induced. Concentration of total phenolics seemed to be unaffected by 0.5 kJ m⁻² UV-C treatment in both cultivars, but polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity increased and remained higher compared to the non-irradiated control flowers throughout the 48 h storage period at 20 °C. The increase of PPO suggests that this enzyme might play an important role in host defence mechanisms that suppressed B. cinerea floret specking. Gerbera flowers irradiated with 1.0 or 10.0 kJ m⁻² UV-C showed improvement in vase-life by 1.8 and 2.4 d, decrease in stem break percentages by 43 and 29% and delay in stem break incidence by 3.3 and 1.3 d, respectively.