旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米秸秆还田对玉米生长及产量的影响

在半干旱旱作区通过试验研究全膜双垄沟玉米秸秆还田对土壤水分、玉米生长性状、秸秆腐烂程度以及产量的影响。结果表明,第一年玉米秸秆还田后全膜双垄沟播玉米前期表现出与作物争水分,后期增加了土壤的保水性,秸秆还田对土壤水分状况的影响具有双重性;玉米秸秆还田后,在作物的生长发育过程中不断地软化、腐烂,到玉米成熟时没有腐烂完的也都软化成碎的小片,以秋覆膜全膜双垄沟播秸秆还田处理的秸秆腐烂效果最好。秸秆还田对玉米叶面积及茎粗有一定的降低作用,秸秆还田后产量较不还田产量降低4.58%～4.65%、秋季整秆还田比顶凌整秆还田增产4.83%,但差异不显著。长期施用秸秆能够明显提高土壤有机质,有利于土壤的可持续发展。     

玉米种质资源抗腐霉茎腐病和镰孢茎腐病精准鉴定

[目的]建立和完善玉米种质抗腐霉茎腐病和镰孢茎腐病精准鉴定的方法,对遗传背景丰富的玉米种质资源进行腐霉茎腐病和镰孢茎腐病的抗性精准鉴定,筛选出对2种茎腐病具有稳定抗性的种质资源,为玉米抗病育种奠定基础.[方法]对2004份具有广泛遗传背景的玉米种质进行多年多点的自然发病抗性鉴定,初步筛选出抗茎腐病或综合性状优良的代表性...     

玉米秸秆堆制有机肥对植烟土壤理化性状的影响

为探索玉米秸秆还田的方法,研究了玉米秸秆直接还田和添加促腐剂堆制有机肥后还田对植烟土壤理化性状的影响.结果表明,玉米秸秆还田可降低植烟土壤容重,增加植烟土壤孔隙度,从而提高植烟土壤的保水保肥能力.与此同时,玉米秸秆还田还可提高植烟土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量.在烤烟大田生长前期,土壤碱解氮含量略有下降,但到烤烟大田生长中、后期,植烟土壤碱解氮含量有所增加.以玉米秸秆+尿素+发酵菌曲堆制有机肥、玉米秸秆+尿素+BM有机物料腐熟剂堆制有机肥的两个处理效果优于玉米秸秆直接还田,具有推广价值.     

温度对玉米秸秆腐解期间腐殖质消长动态的影响

【目的】研究不同培养温度下玉米秸秆分解期间土壤有机碳(SOC)、水溶性物质(WSS)、可提取腐殖物质(HE)、胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)含量的动态变化。【方法】采用室内培养试验,以不添加玉米秸秆为对照,将添加玉米秸秆的土壤于10,25,40,55℃培养360d,研究温度对玉米秸秆腐解期间(0~360d)土壤有机碳(SOC)、水溶性物质(WSS)、可提取腐殖物质(HE)、胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)含量及可提取腐殖物质中HA相对比例(PQ)的影响。【结果】在同一培养温度和时间下,随着培养时间延长,玉米秸秆处理土壤SOC和WSS的含量总体降低,HE和FA含量总体则表现为先增加后下降的趋势;添加玉米秸秆土壤PQ值先呈逐渐下降的趋势,到105d时降至最低,之后随着时间延长,PQ总体增加。从不同温度条件看,40℃下培养105~210d时,PQ值均较低。【结论】培养温度越高越利于土壤中SOC、HE和HA的分解与转化,40℃培养条件下玉米秸秆腐解生成的FA最多。     

苎麻茎秆轴向压缩力学试验与分析

采用复合材料力学弹性参数测试的试验方法,利用WDW 10微机控制电子万能试验机对苎麻木质部和茎秆整体的整秆进行了轴向压缩力学特性的研究。试验结果表明：中苎一号品种苎麻木质部整秆的轴向压缩弹性模量平均值为241.93 MPa,最大抗压强度平均值为12.61 MPa,茎秆整秆的轴向压缩弹性模量平均值为304.85 MPa,最大抗压强度平均值为12.58 MPa;木质部和茎秆整体的弹性模量和抗压强度没有显著差异,茎秆复合中木质部和韧皮部靠自身粘附力在表层粘结,其粘附力不能阻止韧皮部沿木质部表层滑移,在压缩试验中,表现更多为木质部的承载作用。     

玉米抗茎腐病研究进展

玉米茎腐病是一种全球性病害,严重影响玉米的产量和品质。本文概括玉米茎腐病的分布与危害、致病菌的类别与致病机理、抗病种质资源的分布与鉴定,介绍玉米抗茎腐病的遗传、抗病基因和抗病分子机理等方面的研究进展,对数量抗性位点研究与应用做了展望。     

Field response of near‐isogenic brown midrib sorghum lines to fusarium stalk rot,and response of wildtype lines to controlled water deficit

To increase digestibility for ruminant livestock and for lignocellulosic ethanol conversion efficiency in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), brown midrib (bmr) lines carrying bmr6 or bmr12 and the double mutant (bmr6 bmr12) in two backgrounds (RTx430 and Wheatland) were developed, resulting in lines with significantly reduced lignin, as compared with the near‐isogenic wildtype. Under greenhouse conditions, these lines had previously demonstrated no increased susceptibility, and some lines were more resistant to the highly virulent stalk rot pathogen, Fusarium thapsinum, compared to the wildtype. Fusarium stalk rot of sorghum is a destructive disease that under high temperatures or drought conditions may lead to lodging. To determine if greenhouse observations could be extended to field environments, bmr and near‐isogenic wildtype lines were inoculated with F. thapsinum at field locations, Mead (irrigated) and Havelock (dryland) in Nebraska, USA. Analysis of mean lesion lengths showed those of most bmr lines were statistically similar to the wildtype. Across both genetic backgrounds, bmr6 and bmr6 bmr12 double mutant plants grown at Mead had significantly smaller mean lesion lengths than the corresponding wildtype (P ≤ 0.05). To assess responses of the two genetic backgrounds to controlled (greenhouse) water stress, wildtype RTx430 and Wheatland plants were inoculated with F. thapsinum under well‐watered and water stress conditions. Mean lesion lengths resulting on water deficit plants were significantly larger than those on well‐watered plants (P = 0.01). These results indicate that this bioassay can be used to screen sorghum lines in the greenhouse for increased resistance or tolerance to both drought and fusarium stalk rot.     

穗茎兼收型玉米收获机茎秆切碎与输送装置设计与试验

针对玉米收获时秸秆回收困难、利用率低的问题,设计了一种穗茎兼收型玉米收获机,对茎秆切碎和输送装置进行了详细设计。通过比较,采用转子铣刀切割器作为茎秆切断装置,运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对转子铣刀刀片厚度、转速、刃角进行了三因素三水平的正交试验, 试验表明铣刀转速为1400r/min、刀片厚度为7mm、刃角为20°时功耗最小;设计了具有不同齿形和转速的单层多辊式输送器,并通过理论分析建立了4输送辊线速度之间的关系;对茎秆切碎装置进行了设计,确定动定刀位置和理论切碎长度。最后对样机进行了田间试验,结果表明：实际茎秆切碎长度与理论切碎长度无显著差异（P≤0.05）,样机各项指标满足设计和行业相关标准要求。     

多辊式棉秆收获台的研究与试验

棉花秸秆是重要的可再生生物质能源,其收获技术的滞后严重制约了棉秆的资源化利用。针对棉花种植行距不一致,以及棉秆收获机作业中常出现的适用范围小、拔断率高、功率消耗大等问题,创新研制了多辊式棉秆收获台。同时,介绍了收获台的工作原理以及关键部件的设计分析,对主要性能指标进行了田间试验。试验结果表明:各项指标达到了设计要求。     

Potassium nutrition in sugar cane ratoons cultured in red latosol with a conservationist system

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of potassium addition to the soil in first and second ratoon sugarcane cultures in a conservationist system. The experiment was conducted at the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in an Acriferric Red Latosol cultured with a IAC SP 93-3046 cane sugar variety after plant-cane cutting. The experiment involved five potassium treatments and four repetitions in randomized block design. The potassium (K) dosages were 27, 54, 108, and 162 kg K ha^?1, and a treatment without potassium. Six months after the start of the experiment, soil samples collected at 0–20 and 20–40 cm in depth were analyzed for K content. Four months after sprouting, plants were evaluated, by tiller numbers, height, diameter, technological analysis of stalks, and nutritional status. In the first ratoon, potassium fertilization increased stalk diameters, increased potassium accumulation in the aerial parts, and increased stalk production. In the second ratoon, there was a water deficiency, and soil application of potassium did not influence plant growth, nutritional status, or production parameters. Application of potassium in cane sugar ratoons did not contribute to stalk technological quality.