红壤区稀土矿开发导致河流泥沙淤积量的估算--以江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域为例

不合理的人为活动是侵蚀产沙的主要原因之一。在江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域内由于稀土矿产的无序开发,导致河流泥沙严重淤积。通过实测河流淤积泥沙断面,计算出在7 500 m长的河道共淤积泥沙30 193 t,考虑到输移比,整个流域内土壤流失量可达3 500 t/km2,平均侵蚀模数也高达1 150 t/(km2.a)以上,属于中等强度的土壤侵蚀。调查结果发现,河流中淤积的泥沙主要来源于稀土矿开发的尾矿流失;土壤流失量高到99 730 t/km2,年平均侵蚀模数为34 000 t/(km2.a)以上,属于极强度的水土流失。治理水土流失,须加强对稀土矿开发的管理,防止形成新的水土流失;将已废弃的稀土尾矿作为治理的重中之重,可有效地降低流域内土壤侵蚀的强度。     

干旱条件下硝酸稀土对花生幼苗生长的影响

适宜浓度的硝酸稀土溶液浸种后 ,花生种子的发芽率、发芽势、平均生长势和活力指数得到提高 ,种子出苗期缩短 1～ 2天 ,出苗率明显提高。在干旱条件下 ,经处理后的花生其幼苗抗旱性明显增强 ,根系发达、植株矮化、单株叶面积增大 ,分枝数增多 ;花生幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率也较高 ,细胞质膜透性降低 ,脯氨酸含量增加。硝酸稀土处理后 ,花生幼苗在干旱条件下表现出较强的抗旱性和较好的光合效能。在 5种不同浓度处理中 ,以 5 0 0mg/L硝酸稀土溶液浸种效果更好     

An Andosol from Eastern Saxony,Germany

We tested whether a ‘Lockerbraunerde’ from the heights of the Zittauer Gebirge in Eastern Saxony exhibited andic properties and classified it according to the rules of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB, 1998). To achieve this, we characterized a selected soil by means of routine soil analysis; selective dissolution procedures; X‐ray diffraction (XRD); X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). We used field criteria (Thixotropy; NaF‐field test) to obtain a map of the spatial distribution of soils with potential andic properties. We found that the soil fulfilled all requirements to be classified as an Andosol. The composition of the colloidal phases was exactly intermediate between sil‐andic and alu‐andic. At the same time, the soil had a spodic horizon [determined through the depth function of the Al_o+½Fe_o criterion]. As there was no indication of vertical translocation of metal‐organic complexes, but sufficient evidence to suggest the downward movement of mobile Al/Si‐phases, we maintain to classify the soil as an Endoskeleti‐Umbric Andosol and propose the existence of a pedogenetic pathway intermediate between Podsolisation and Andosolization. We conclude that the spodic horizon in the WRB is not well defined because of the dominance of the Al_o+½Fe_o criterion over morphological evidence. We further suggest the German soil taxonomy to be modified to better represent soils containing short range order minerals.     

Fractionation of hydrolase-humus complexes by gel chromatography

Summary Purification of soil phosphatase-, urease-, casein- and benzoylarginamide-hydrolysing proteases was obtained by exhaustively ultrafiltering a soil extract using 0.1M pyrophosphate solution at pH 7.1, separating the retained material into fractions of molecular weight higher (A_I) and lower (A_II) than 10⁵ and eluting the fractions on gel chromatography.Three peaks of phosphatase and urease activity were obtained after gel chromatography of fraction A_I on Sephadex G200 using 0.1M pyrophosphate solution as eluant. Only one distinct activity peak was observed when casein- and benzoylarginamide-hydrolysing proteases were assayed in the eluted fractions. Elution diagrams obtained by gel chromatography of fraction A_II on Sephadex G100, using a water as eluant, were characterized by one peak each of phosphatase-, casein- and benzoylarginamide-hydrolysing activity and by two peaks of urease activity.Gel chromatography of both A_I and A_II, generally, but not always, increased specific activity on a C and N basis of derivative fractions. Both proteases showed the highest increase in specific activity due to a marked decrease in organic C and N and an increase in total activity.     

Organic acid induced release of nutrients from metal-stabilized soil organic matter – The unbutton model

Processes of soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization and the reverse, destabilization of SOM resulting in subsequent release and mobilization of nutrients from SOM, remain largely unresolved. The perception of SOM as supramolecular aggregates built of low molecular mass biomolecules is currently emerging. Polyvalent metal cations contribute to SOM tertiary structure by bridging functional groups of such molecules (Simpson et al., 2002). The strong bond to metals protects high quality organic material from being immediately accessed and decomposed. Here we propose a three-step process by which low molecular mass organic acids (LMMOAs) and hydrolytic enzymes act in series to destabilize SOM supramolecules to release organic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for local hyphal and root uptake. Complexation of the stabilizing metals by fungal-released LMMOA gives fungal-root consortia direct access to organic substrates of good quality. Because of their small sizes and carboxyl group configuration, citric and oxalic acids are the most effective LMMOAs forming stable complexes with the main SOM bridging metals Ca and Al in SOM. Citrate, forming particularly strong complexes with the trivalent cations Al and Fe, is dominant in soil solutions of low-productive highly acidic boreal forest soils where mycorrhizal associations with roots are formed predominantly by fungi with hydrophobic hyphal surfaces. In these systems mycelia participate in the formation of N-containing SOM with a significant contribution from strong Al bridges. In less acidic soils of temperate forests, including calcareous influenced soils, SOM is stabilized predominantly by Ca bridges. In such systems mycorrhizal fungi with more hydrophilic surfaces dominate, and oxalic acid, forming strong bidentate complexes with Ca, is the most common LMMOA exuded. A plant-fungus driven biotic mechanism at the supramolecular aggregate level (10³–10⁵ Da) resolves micro-spatial priming of SOM, where the destabilization step is prerequisite for subsequent release of nutrients.     

Potential use of rare earth oxides as tracers of organic matter in grassland

Tracing organic matter (OM) in soil is challenging, because runoff and leaching processes are interrelated and have multiple sources. Therefore, multiple tracers with low background concentrations such as rare earth element oxides (REOs) are necessary to delineate the origin of sources of the organic materials in groundwater, rivers or in catchments. The main objective of this study was to examine the potential use of REOs as a tracer in various forms of OM (1) whole slurry, (2) solid, and (3) liquid phase of cattle slurry after mechanical separation. A laboratory experiment was carried out using five REOs (La, Gd, Sm, Pr, and Nd oxides) mixed directly into soil or mixed with various fractions of cattle slurry and then applied to the soil surface. In the additional grassland experiment, Gd oxide was spiked with soil and cattle slurry and then applied to the soil surface. The mineral N in the liquid phase (urine) of the slurry in the grassland experiment was labelled with ¹⁵N urea (16 atom%). In the laboratory experiment, results showed that the five REOs concentration of soil in 0–1 cm soil section after the rainfall simulation was still up to 20 times more than the background values. In 1–2 cm soil section, the concentration of only Gd (two fold higher) and La oxides (50% higher) were significantly higher than the soil background values. Therefore, we hypothesized that Gd and La oxides were associated also with relatively finer organic particles in slurry, thus 1–2 cm soil section were enriched with these oxides. The five REOs concentration below 2 cm soil depth were similar to the background values in all treatments. In line with the laboratory experiment, Gd concentrations in the deeper soil layers (2–4 and 4–8 cm) in the grassland experiment were not significantly affected by any treatment. Both in grassland and laboratory experiment, solid phase of the slurry (dung) was collected from the soil surface after rainfall simulation. Here, about 56% of REOs were measured on the solid phase of the slurry which indicates the strong binding potential of REOs on slurry OM. The present novel study, where REO tagged slurry was uniquely tested to study geochemical cycle of organic fertilizers, clearly highlighted the potential for their use as multiple‐tracers of (animal derived‐) OM in agricultural soils.     

稀土元素在中国水仙上的应用研究

1982～1985年的小区试验及扩大示范试验表明:稀土元素能促进中国水仙出苗、展叶、叶片生长、叶绿素增加;并能促进磷茎膨大、增加大花球百分率而提高大花球产量;同时对改善中国水仙品质、增加花葶数也有良好的作用。三年定点小区试验结果:采用浸种配合喷施处理的效果优于单独浸种或单独喷施的处理。最佳处理组合:低浓度浸种配合初苗期和壮球期用低浓度喷叶,大花球百分率最高。三年平均:磷茎围径≥24cm 和22～23.9cm 的大花球,最佳处理组合为14.5%和40.5%,比对照的8.6%和32.6%分别增加67.6%和24.2%。平均花葶数,最佳处理组合为4.1葶/粒,比对照的3.6葶/粒增加13.9%。扩大示范试验的结果表明:磷茎围径≥24cm 的大花球,稀土处理为58.0%,比对照的48.0%增加20.8%;平均花葶数,稀土处理为4.7葶/粒,比对照的4.4葶/粒增加6.8%。中国水仙施用稀土,由于提高了大花球产量和增加了花葶数,从而能显著地提高经济效益。每公顷可增加产值7500元以上,即增加产值9.7%以上。     

仿酶催化脱木质素研究进展

综述了目前金属配合物仿酶催化脱木质素的研究现状及发展趋势，着重评价了卟啉类和非卟啉类金属配合物作为木质素氧化降解的仿酶催化剂的效果，对金属配合物仿酶催化脱木质素技术的应用前景进行了展望。金属卟啉配合物由于在相对温和的条件下具有较高的催化活性而受到瞩目。氯代铁卟啉由于氯原子对卟啉骨架环的保护作用而十分稳定，表现出高活性及可循环性。卟啉中心金属离子的种类也对脱木质素的催化活性产生影响。由于金属卟啉配合物的成本较高，因而给实际应用带来一定困难。非卟啉金属配合物如金属酞菁、Gif体系、希夫碱等，由于具有较高的催化活性和选择性以及易于合成等特点正倍受关注。     

几种杂环有机锡(Ⅳ)Schiff碱配合物的合成与表征

通过二苄基二氯化锡与双缩Schiff碱反应，合成了8种新的杂环有机锡（Ⅵ）配合物．通过元素分析、红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱、核磁共振氢谱等物理化学测试，推测了它们的可能结构．结果证明，这些物质均为六配位有机锡化合物．     

关于稀土提高巴西橡胶产胶量问题的探讨

本文以胶乳的总固形物、干胶、总还原糖、硫醇和抗坏血酸的含量及胶乳的pH、乳管的堵塞指数、黄色体的破裂指数和排胶初速率等9个生理参数来考察稀土对巴西橡胶产胶量的影响。试验表明稀土不具有显著地提高胶树产胶量的生理基础。本文也讨论了稀土在防治橡胶树死皮中的作用。