小麦干湿交替条件下的水分利用效率与生物学性状

在防雨棚盆栽试验条件下,以“A115”、“4185”为材料,用干湿交替方法研究了3种水分组合下小麦的水分利用效率与生物学性状的相关关系。结果表明产量水平的水分利用效率与株高、穗数、单株生物量、光合速率、蒸腾速率和产量成显著正相关;与除此而外的其他被测生物学性状不相关或相关不显著。叶片水平的水分利用效率与气孔导度和蒸腾速率成极显著负相关关系,与穗粒数和分蘖数成显著负相关关系;与其他被测性状不相关或相关不显著。     

0～50 cm与0～100 cm土层土壤湿度的转换关系研究

对郑州、南阳2个测点多年来0～100cm土壤湿度、降水(灌溉)及作物发育期资料进行了分析。结果表明,按土壤湿度随时间的变化规律,可将其划分为秋季缓慢下降期、冬季相对稳定期、春季迅速下降期和夏季增墒期4个时段。对0～50cm与0～100cm土层土壤湿度进行回归分析,当前期降水量在10mm以下时,用直线或二次曲线拟合效果良好;当前期降水(灌溉)量大于10mm时,0～50cm与0～100cm土壤湿度之比与前期降水(灌溉)量呈双曲线或二次曲线关系,拟合曲线考虑降水(灌溉)时回归效果有所提高。同一土壤类型、不同时段,或同一时段、不同的土壤类型,拟合的方程不同,反映出不同层次土壤湿度关系的复杂性。     

陕北黄土高原多沙粗沙区乡村聚落土壤水蚀定位观测研究

为研究乡村聚落的土壤侵蚀,在陕北榆林、绥德、延安建立观测站,于2003年对乡村聚落中的户间道路、户间空地、院落在降雨时的次径流泥沙含量、平均含沙量、次侵蚀强度及观测期降雨形成的总侵蚀强度,进行了观测与分析。其观测结果,均说明户间道路、户间空地径流平均含沙量较大,榆林为29.37g/L、29.96g/L,缓德为21.06g/L、17.53g/L、延安为54.6g/L2、9.18g/L,而院落平均径流含沙量较小,榆林、绥德、延安分别为9.47g/L、8.64g/L、14.87g/L。观测期降雨侵蚀总强度,三个观测站均以户间道路最大,分别为1142t/km2、2156.6t/km26、285.7t/km2;户间空地次之,分别为744.5t/km2、1192.6t/km2、1953.2t/km2;院落较小,分别为161.1t/km23、78.7t/km2、1274.3t/km2。说明乡村聚落土壤侵蚀不可忽视,应加强防治。     

Phylogenetic Analysis of Sugarcane Rusts Based on Sequences of ITS, 5.8 S rDNA and D1/D2 Regions of LSU rDNA

Phylogenetic analysis of sugarcane rusts based on sequences of ITS and the 5.8 S rDNA revealed two highly divergent ITS groups among isolates of Puccinia sp. sensu Muta, 1987 and P. kuehnii specimens. Although there is sufficient divergence (exceeding normal intraspecific variation) between the ITS regions of the two groups to support separation into different species, unusually high homology of the ITS group I sequences with those of members of Cronartium and identical sequences of the D1/D2 regions of the LSU rDNA for all the isolates of “Puccinia sp.” and P. kuehnii that otherwise exhibited different ITS sequences, suggest that the two highly divergent sequences may have resulted from abnormal genetic events leading to non-orthologous, intraspeciflc polymorphisms. The other sugarcane rust, P. melanocephala and the grass rusts, P. miscanthi and P. rufipes, were separated from “Puccinia sp.” and P. kuehnii and from each other in D1/D2 region analyses, indicating that D1/D2 region sequences may more correctly reflect phylogenetic relationships in these rusts than do the ITS regions. Further studies to examine differences in patho-genicity or finer morphological features within P. kuehnii that may be correlated with the high divergence in ITS sequences and experiments to determine if these two sequence types represent intraspeciflc polymorphism are necessary. Received 11 October 2000/ Accepted in revised form 24 November 2000     

Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on weed seedbank size and composition

Size and composition of the weed seedbank was assessed after 12 years of application of four tillage systems in two crop rotations. Mouldboard and chisel ploughing at 45 cm, minimum tillage at 15 cm and no tillage were compared in continuous winter wheat and a pigeon bean/winter wheat 2-year rotation. Weed control was based upon post-emergence herbicide application. Weed seedling emergence from soil samples taken at 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm depths was assessed in a non-heated glasshouse for 12 months. The tillage system influenced weed seedbank size and composition to a much greater extent than crop rotation. Total weed seedling density was higher in no tillage, minimum tillage and chisel ploughing plots in the 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm layers respectively. Density in the whole (0–45 cm) layer did not differ significantly among tillage systems. With no tillage, more than 60% of the total seedlings emerged from the surface layer, compared with an average 43% in the other tillage systems. Crop rotation did not influence either weed seedbank size or seedling distribution among soil layers, and only had a small influence on major species abundance. The weed seedbank was dominated (>66%) by Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. and Amaranthus retroflexus (L.), which thrived in chisel ploughing and no tillage respectively. Results suggested that crop rotation and substitution of mouldboard ploughing by non-inversion tillage (especially by minimum tillage) would not result in increased weed problems, whereas use of no tillage might increase weed infestations because of higher seedling recruitment from the topsoil.     

苔藓植物生态学研究的数量分析方法

植被数量分析方法在苔藓植被中的应用起步较晚，仅有20多年的研究历史，但发展却十分迅速。这里介绍了目前苔藓植物生态学研究中应用较为普遍的数量分析方法，并探讨了各自的优缺点。     

新疆哈纳斯自然保护区地衣群落的聚类分析

我们根据多年的实地调查结果并采用聚类分析方法对分布在哈纳斯国家级自然保护区的地衣群落进行了研究。结果表明分布在该地区的地衣种类有 10 3种 ,他们分别属于 2 0科 ,4 0属。地衣物种形成了 6种群落。同时发现该地区地衣对基物形成专一性 ,它们的基物包括 :树皮、藓丛、藓土、草地、石面、地面、土层、石浮土等。     

三唑酮种衣剂对小麦白粉菌侵染和非侵染位点硅等元素含量的影响

 借助扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱分析方法从超微结构和元素水平观测了三唑酮种衣剂包衣处理和空白对照的小麦幼苗上白粉病菌侵染及非侵染位点硅等元素含量的变化。结果表明,接种后20~36 h内三唑酮种衣剂处理的麦苗侵染位点细胞内元素硅含量由5.204%上升为42.064%,非侵染位点由5.821%上升为12.342%;空白对照中侵染位点元素硅含量由低于检测水平上升为17.388%,非侵染位点接种后36 h时为19.460%。在处理和空白对照的麦苗上侵染和非侵染位点均检测到了含量不等的磷、硫、氯等元素存在。     

超临界流体萃取技术在农药残留分析中的应用进展

从萃取过程控制的角度，综述了近几年来国外超临界流体技术不同形态的基体的农药残留分析中的应用情况、研究现状及前景。     

小麦禾缢管蚜种群动态的研究

本文采用平均密度（X），聚块性指标（m/m）和有蚜株率（F）对小麦禾缢管蚜种群动态进行模糊聚类分析。找出了其种群消长的4个时期：点片发生期，始盛期，猖獗期和衰退期；防治重点应在始盛期，即瓢虫卵期，以达到经济有效，充分保护利用天敌的目的。