Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production,litter production and decomposition

During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹ cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity. Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m³.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹. Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹ and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles. The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹): For part I see Vol. 4, No. 3, 1986. Agroforestry Project, CATIE/GTZ (Tropical Agricultural Research and Training Center/Gesselschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit), Turrialba, Costa Rica     

Time course of the incidence/multiplicity and histopathological features of murine colonic dysplasia,adenoma and adenocarcinoma induced by benzo[a]pyrene and dextran sulfate sodium

Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is mutagenic but noncarcinogenic in the murine colon. Recently, we reported rapid induction of colonic tumors by treatment of CD2F₁ mice with BP (125 mg/kg for 5 days) followed by a colitis inducer, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) (4% in drinking water for 1 or 2 weeks). However, there are no reports on detailed time course and histopathological features of colonic proliferative lesions in this model. Here, we show the detailed time course of colonic dysplasia, adenoma and adenocarcinoma induced by treatment with BP, DSS, and a combination of the two (BP/DSS). In the colon of mice exposed to BP/DSS, 14.6 dysplastic foci per mouse were present one week after DSS treatment (week 4). The number of dysplastic foci decreased with time to 3.1 at week 9 and thereafter remained almost constant. At week 4, 1.5 adenocarcinomas were also observed, with a marked increase in numbers with time, reaching 29.3 at week 14. In contrast, the number of dysplastic foci induced by DSS alone showed a time course similar to that following BP/DSS treatment; however, only a few tumors appeared. Neither dysplastic foci nor neoplastic lesions were induced by BP only. In mice exposed to BP/DSS, β-catenin was demonstrated immunohistochemically in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of the tumor cells, and this translocation from the cell membrane was evident in subsets of dysplastic foci. In dysplastic foci induced by DSS alone, β-catenin was absent in the nucleus/cytoplasm. These finding suggest that aberrant β-catenin accumulation in dysplastic foci is associated with tumor progression in this BP/DSS model.     

钙镁磷肥对元胡种植区酸化土壤改良效果的探究

为了探究钙镁磷肥对元胡种植区土壤酸化的阻控作用,通过连续两年的钙镁磷肥田间定位试验,以上元观镇当地元胡种植户施肥习惯为对照(CK),研究分析了在氮、钾肥用量相同的情况下,施用钙、镁、磷肥750 kg/hm~2、1 500 kg/hm~2和2 250 kg/hm~2,对土壤pH、交换性酸、阳离子交换量(CEC)、交换性盐基离子以及土壤基本肥力水平的影响。通过测算投入、产出效益,结果表明：施用钙镁磷肥能显著提升土壤pH水平,较(CK)处理提升0.27～0.31个单位,T100、T150两个处理能显著降低土壤交换性酸总量和交换性氢含量,对降低交换性铝有一定作用。施用钙镁磷肥较(CK)处理能显著提升阳离子交换量(CEC)以及交换性钙和交换性镁,是阻控土壤酸化的主要作用机制。但当施用量达到2 250 kg/hm~2时,种植元胡的新增纯收益会有所下降,伴随产生土壤中磷素过量的问题,会有造成磷素流失产生农业面源污染的风险。因此在汉中元胡种植区土壤酸化改良中推荐钙镁磷肥施用量750～1 500 kg/hm~2。     

不同砧木对葡萄‘87-1’氮磷钾等养分吸收利用的影响

【目的】旨在筛选不同养分的高效利用型砧木,对12种砧木嫁接‘87-1’品种的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁养分吸收和利用效率进行研究,为葡萄生产中的砧木选择和肥料利用率的提升提供理论依据。【方法】本研究于2020年1月至2021年11月连续两年对12种砧木嫁接‘87-1’品种组合的苗木在萌芽期、始花期、末花期、种子发育期、果实转色期、果实成熟采收期和落叶期7个关键生育时期进行整株取样,测定植株氮、磷、钾、钙、镁矿质元素含量,计算各组合单株元素累积量、干物质生产效率、果实生产效率和收获指数,分析各指标之间的差异,比较不同砧木对氮、磷、钾、钙、镁吸收利用的影响。【结果】本研究中不同砧穗组合氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的单株累积量存在显著差异,其中以87-1/34EM组合的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁累积量最高。以干物质生产效率、果实生产效率为指标,评价养分生物及经济利用效率,结果表明,87-1/420A组合氮和钾的干物质生产效率最高,87-1/贝达和87-1/101-14组合磷和钙的干物质生产效率较高,而镁的干物质生产效率中则以87-1/5BB组合表现较好;钾果实生产效率以‘1103P’砧木表现最好,‘101-14’砧木氮、磷、钙和镁的果实生产效率最高。收获指数体现了果实中养分的吸收分配情况,不同砧木处理下,‘贝达’砧木磷和钾的收获指数最高,氮、钙和镁的收获指数分别以‘SO4’‘5BB’和‘华葡1号’砧木表现最高。【结论】本研究中不同砧木对氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的吸收情况差异显著,吸收能力与利用效率之间表现不一致。‘贝达’和‘101-14’砧木对磷和钙具有较高的生物及经济利用效率;‘1103P’砧木钾的生物及经济利用效率较高;氮和镁的生物利用效率分别以‘420A’和‘5BB’砧木表现最好,而经济利用效率则以‘101-14’砧木表现最好。另外,‘贝达’砧木促进了磷和钾向果实的分配,‘SO4’‘5BB’和‘华葡1号’砧木分别促进了氮、钙和镁向果实的分配。     

施镁量对土壤供镁及烤烟生长发育和产质量的影响

为明确福建‘翠碧一号’烤烟适宜的施镁量以及施镁对烟田土壤供镁的影响,采用田间试验研究不同施镁量对烟田不同时期土壤供镁、烟株物质积累和烤后烟叶产质量的影响。结果表明,随施镁量的增加,土壤交换性镁浓度上升,不同时期土壤供镁能力与施镁量表现为显著的直线线性相关关系。终采时烟株不同部位叶片镁含量和积累量也均与施镁量存在显著的直线线性相关关系。施镁处理的均价、产值、上等烟比例和上中等烟比例分别比不施镁处理提高了6.39%~11.67%、6.13%~14.63%、18.43%~31.46%和5.36%~8.96%。随施镁量的增加烤后烟叶总钾含量呈下降趋势。综合烤后不同部位烟叶感官评吸质量以施镁（以MgO计）量在19.5 kg/hm²处理最好,其次为39 kg/hm²处理;产值以施镁58.5 kg/hm²处理最高。施镁量对烟株生物量积累和烤后烟叶产量的影响规律性不明显。综合福建植烟土壤交换性镁含量的实际情况,以及土壤供镁、烟株物质积累和烤后烟叶质量,认为福建‘翠碧一号’烤烟生产中,施镁（以MgO计）量以19.5~39 kg/hm²为宜,既能保证土壤正常供镁和镁营养的相对平衡,又能满足烟株对镁营养的需求,提高烤后烟叶质量。     

糖醇镁在水稻上施用效果比较试验初报

上杭县耕地土壤交换性镁含量普遍较低,其中低于50mg/kg的面积占比达到43.5%。为探讨糖醇镁与其他常用镁肥在水稻上应用比较效果,指导晚稻科学施用镁肥,在常规施肥基础上设置对照、7水硫酸镁、氢氧化镁和糖醇镁4个处理,三次重复田间试验,结果显示, 糖醇镁和7水硫酸镁对水稻缺镁黄化矫治效果达极为显著;施用镁肥可以增加水稻产量,且施肥效应糖醇镁＞七水硫酸镁＞氢氧化镁,比CK产量分别提高14.9%、7.7%和7.4%。     

三种消解方法测定天然橡胶镁含量的研究

为研究更适合于天然橡胶中镁含量检测的方法,采用干灰化法、微波消解法和石墨消解法三种消解方法研究不同消解条件对天然橡胶中镁含量检测的影响。结果表明,三种消解方法对天然橡胶镁含量的测定均可以满足要求。干灰化法对实验结果影响较小,对低镁含量的样品应适当增加样品量;微波消解法操作简便且检测耗时较短;石墨消解法操作简单,工作效率较高,适用于批量样品分析,设备以及耗材成本与前两种方法相比具有较大优势,为未来我国制定天然橡胶中镁含量的检测标准提供了理论依据。     

Effects of pre‐partum milking of dairy cows on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving

This experiment studied the effect of pre‐partal milk removal on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving. Nine cows of the Swedish Red breed were milked for 1–7 days pre‐partum. The average milk yield at the first milking was 4.8 l, and the average yield the last day prior to calving was 13.4 l. Five cows were used as control cows and were only milked post‐partum. Samples of plasma and urine were taken to determine the effect of pre‐partum milking and calving on levels of calcium, magnesium, parathyroid hormone and plasma C‐terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type 1‐collagen (CTx), used as a marker of bone resorption. Pre‐partum milking resulted in a decrease in plasma calcium that was evident 2 days after the first milking. Parathyroid hormone increased at the same time, and CTx started to increase from 24 h after the first milking. There were no effects on plasma magnesium or urinary output of calcium or magnesium. The first week after calving, there were no differences between pre‐partum milked cows and control cows in plasma or urine variables, or in milk yield. In conclusion, pre‐partum milking activated the calcium‐restoring mechanisms but did not improve calcium status at calving.     

Use of NaHCO3 and MgO as additives for sheep fed only pasture for a restricted period of time per day: effects on intake,digestion and the rumen environment

Effects of NaHCO₃ and MgO buffer addition on intake and digestive utilization of a pasture were studied in wethers allowed a restricted time of access to forage. Twelve wethers housed in metabolic cages and fed fresh forage (predominantly Lotus corniculatus) ad libitum for 6 h/d were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: a control forage without buffer (C) or a forage plus buffer composed of a mixture of 750 g/kg NaHCO₃ and 250 g/kg MgO at 20 g/kg dry matter intake (B). Feeding behaviour, feed and water intake and digestibility, urine output, Na urine elimination, kinetics of passage, ruminal pH and ammonia concentration, N balance and ruminal microbial N synthesis were determined in vivo, and the ruminal liquor activity was evaluated in vitro by fermentation of wheat straw. Addition of buffer increased total water intake (p = 0.05), Na urinary output (p = 0.01), purine derivative excretion in urine (p = 0.05) and tended to decrease mean total retention time in the digestive tract (p = 0.09). However, buffer addition increased ruminal pH (p < 0.001) and tended to decrease the ammonia concentration (p = 0.05). That use of buffer decreased ruminal activity was evidenced by a lower volume of gas produced in vitro (p = 0.01) possibly due to a lower microbial concentration in rumen liquor. The higher rumen dilution rate, likely due to a higher water intake, seems to have been the key driver of the actions of buffer supplementation on the rumen environment. Moreover, addition of NaHCO₃ led to an increased urinary Na excretion, which should be considered due to its likely negative environmental impacts.     

硅镁锌不同配比对水稻光合作用及产量的影响

为探究硅、镁、锌互作最优配比以提高水稻产量,以水稻品种龙粳29为试材,利用二次回归正交旋转设计方案研究硅镁锌不同配比用量对水稻光合作用及产量的影响。结果表明:净光合速率与产量呈负相关,气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率与产量呈正相关,气孔导度对产量的影响最大,施用中间量的硅镁锌肥能使气孔导度达到最大值。