基于RNA-seq技术分析野生大麦穗部发育基因的表达谱及其转录动态

为明确野生大麦穗部发育过程中基因表达的动态变化,以来自以色列的野生大麦Mehula 1-2为材料,对其在穗部发育的4个关键时期（开花后3、8、13和18 d)进行RNA-seq分析,并与栽培大麦穗部的基因表达谱进行了比较。结果表明,在野生大麦穗发育的4个时间点共鉴定到17 163个基因,其中11 273个为差异表达基因,包括635个转录因子相关基因;功能富集分析表明,这些差异基因主要富集到物质合成、代谢过程、物质运输、抗逆等相关过程或通路上;野生大麦和栽培大麦穗部基因的表达谱比较分析发现,两者共同表达的基因显著富集到细胞器、催化、代谢、调节及抗逆等相关通路上,而在特异表达基因方面,栽培大麦主要集中于甲基转移酶、次生壁生物合成、核糖体蛋白等相关基因,野生大麦主要集中于逆境抗性、花青素合成、钙调蛋白等相关基因。本研究发掘的与穗部发育相关的关键基因,丰富了大麦穗部遗传改良基因资源,为进一步解析野生大麦穗部发育关键基因的表达特性和调控机制奠定了基础。     

青稞镰孢根腐病病原鉴定及致病性分析

为明确青稞镰孢根腐病的病原,于青稞苗期及成株期分别对甘肃省甘南藏族自治州合作市、临潭县和卓尼县等青稞主产区的根腐病发生情况进行调查并采集样品,采用常规的组织分离法分离其病原,结合形态特征和分子生物学进行病原鉴定,并用烧杯水琼脂法和盆栽法测定其致病性。结果表明,青稞镰孢根腐病在甘肃省甘南藏族自治州分布广泛,发病率在5%~20%之间。发病植株长势弱、发黄,茎基部缢缩、腐烂,穗白粒瘪,茎秆发褐或黑红。共分离得到88株青稞镰孢根腐病病原菌,苗期50株,成株期38株,经鉴定分别为燕麦镰孢Fusarium avenaceum、木贼镰孢F. equiseti、三线镰孢F. tricinctum、柔毛镰孢F. flocciferum、锐顶镰孢F. acuminatum及F. langsethiae。盆栽法和烧杯水琼脂法所测得的致病性差异显著,但均表明燕麦镰孢综合致病力较强,结合其分离率,确认燕麦镰孢为优势病原。     

青稞南繁加代技术及其意义

青稞作为西藏地区人们的主要粮食作物,其育种进程较长.为了加快其进程,在与西藏气候相当的云南元谋进行了6年的南繁加代技术实践,形成一套完备的适合青稞加代繁殖的技术.同时,总结该技术在选地、播种、田间管理和病虫害防治方面的经验,也指出南繁加代技术对促进缩短青稞育种年限和加速繁殖品种的重要意义.     

山西省冬性大麦育种策略探讨

大麦作为早期驯化的谷类作物,因其早熟和高度抗逆性在世界范围内被广泛种植。作为工农业生产的重要谷类作物,其新品种的选育对人们生活的改善及国民经济的发展具有重要作用。通过对大麦育种与栽培的回顾,结合多年的大麦育种实践,对山西省冬性大麦育种技术和策略进行了初步探讨,展望了未来冬大麦的发展趋势,旨在对山西省冬大麦育种与栽培起到促进作用。     

灌水量对啤酒大麦产量及品质的影响

在甘肃武威通过连续3 a田间试验,研究了不同灌水量对甘啤4号和甘啤7号产量和品质的影响。结果表明,3 a平均生育期灌水3 000 m3／hm2处理比灌水6 000 m3／hm2处理早熟3 d左右,但在年份和灌水量相同的情况下,甘啤4号与甘啤7号生育期基本相同。3 a基本苗和成穗数甘啤7号均高于甘啤4号,不同灌水量对同一品种的基本苗和成穗数影响不显著,灌水量对两个品种蛋白质含量影响不显著。在不同灌水量下,3 a平均千粒重甘啤4号均高于甘啤7号,两个品种3 aS,饱满度灌水3 000 m3／hm2处理均大于灌水6 000 m3／hm2处理。3 a平均折合产量灌水3 000 m3／hm2处理甘啤7号高于甘啤4号,灌水6 000 m3／hm2处理甘啤7号略低于或相当于甘啤4号。     

苏北沿海地区啤酒大麦施肥技术

苏北沿海地区具有啤酒大麦生长得天独厚的自然条件,其是全国优质啤酒大麦主产区之一。通过对啤酒大麦科学施肥原则的阐述,提出了当地优质啤酒大麦科学施肥的方法和技术要点。     

浅谈西藏大麦生产的发展

在西藏自治区,大麦生产的发展意义重大。回顾西藏大麦生产发展的历史及分析现状的基础上,指出当前所面临的主要矛盾和问题,并提出了解决矛盾的措施和西藏大麦生产的发展方向。     

Repetitive cycling and simple recurrent selection in traditional barley breeding programs

Summary A critical examination of three representative barley development programs from three barley producing areas of the world reveals that the evolution of each can be explained by the concepts of simple or phenotypic recurrent selection. Typically, each has utilized only 13 to 16 separate genetic sources in their program. Most of the sources were introduced over 50 years ago and have been progressively recombined through a simple recurrent selection process. The time period required for selection, testing, and reincorporation of improved genetic recombinants into the breeding program, or the completion of a cycle of recurrent selection, ranged from 6.5 to 10.5 years. If the major operative force in barley breeding is recurrent selection, then additional attention should be given to increasing the genetic base and reducing the time required to complete cycles of selection.     

西藏野生瓶形大麦79个新变种的发现

本文报道了西藏野生瓶形大麦新变种79个，描述了其形态特征和分布，分析了变种特点。这对大麦分类和起源演化、资源保护和利用、遗传与育种工程等研究都具有重要意义。     

Veränderte Ährenfertilität bei einhalmiger Sommergerste durch Einsatz von Bioregulatoren

Changes in fertility of ears in monoculm summer barley after application of plant growth regulators
The effect of plant growth regulators (PGR) upon the structure of the ears in the monoculm summer barley Kindred Uniculm was tested during four years in pot experiments.
The influence of CCC + Ancymidol and RSW on yield structure of the whole plant and the ear which was divided in three parts (basal = 1.–5. spike internode, medial = 6.–10. spike internode, apical = off 11. spike internode) was measured. The application of PGR's in EC 32 increased kernel yield every year in a range from 11–21 %. Number of kernels were strongly improved while the thousand kernels weight remained unchanged. The increase in number of kernels in the apical zone was higher (26–64 %) than in the basal zone (0–10 %). Obviously "medial dominance" was reduced as the single kernel weight was the same in untreated plants.
The decrease of GA₁-content was evident after application of PGR's. A correlation between GA₁-content and plant height was found.