Weather-Centric Rangeland Revegetation Planning

Invasive annual weeds negatively impact ecosystem services and pose a major conservation threat on semiarid rangelands throughout the western United States. Rehabilitation of these rangelands is challenging due to interannual climate and subseasonal weather variability that impacts seed germination, seedling survival and establishment, annual weed dynamics, wildfire frequency, and soil stability. Rehabilitation and restoration outcomes could be improved by adopting a weather-centric approach that uses the full spectrum of available site-specific weather information from historical observations, seasonal climate forecasts, and climate-change projections. Climate data can be used retrospectively to interpret success or failure of past seedings by describing seasonal and longer-term patterns of environmental variability subsequent to planting. A more detailed evaluation of weather impacts on site conditions may yield more flexible adaptive-management strategies for rangeland restoration and rehabilitation, as well as provide estimates of transition probabilities between desirable and undesirable vegetation states. Skillful seasonal climate forecasts could greatly improve the cost efficiency of management treatments by limiting revegetation activities to time periods where forecasts suggest higher probabilities of successful seedling establishment. Climate-change projections are key to the application of current environmental models for development of mitigation and adaptation strategies and for management practices that require a multidecadal planning horizon. Adoption of new weather technology will require collaboration between land managers and revegetation specialists and modifications to the way we currently plan and conduct rangeland rehabilitation and restoration in the Intermountain West.     

Assessing human risk of illness with West Nile virus mosquito surveillance data to improve public health preparedness

Surveillance for West Nile virus (WNV) and other mosquito‐borne pathogens involves costly and time‐consuming collection and testing of mosquito samples. One difficulty faced by public health personnel is how to interpret mosquito data relative to human risk, thus leading to a failure to fully exploit the information from mosquito testing. The objective of our study was to use the information gained from historic West Nile virus mosquito testing to determine human risk relative to mosquito infection and to assess the usefulness of our mosquito infection forecasting models to give advance warning. We compared weekly mosquito infection rates from 2004 to 2013 to WNV case numbers in Illinois. We then developed a weather‐based forecasting model to estimate the WNV mosquito infection rate one to 3 weeks ahead of mosquito testing both statewide and for nine regions of Illinois. We further evaluated human illness risk relative to both the measured and the model‐estimated infection rates to provide guidelines for public health messages. We determined that across 10 years, over half of human WNV cases occurred following the 29 (of 210) weeks with the highest mosquito infection rates. The values forecasted by the models can identify those time periods, but model results and data availability varied by region with much stronger results obtained from regions with more mosquito data. The differences among the regions may be related to the amount of surveillance or may be due to diverse landscape characteristics across Illinois. We set the stage for better use of all surveillance options available for WNV and described an approach to modelling that can be expanded to other mosquito‐borne illnesses.     

原木极边部锯材的研究

对原木极边部锯材的研究结果表明:极边部锯材宽度和厚度的精确值为0.247524d×0.031618d,近似值为0.248d×0.03d;出材率3.28％。前者,可作为精确合理设计锯剖方案的依据;后者,可作为编制企业技术经济指标和进行企业经济技术评价的基本参考数据。     

长沙市酸雨现状分析

为了寻找长沙市酸雨生成的特点及其规律,在分析了长沙酸雨现状的基础上,探讨了酸雨的成因,天气条件对酸雨形成的影响,并有针对性地提出了防治措施。     

日光温室连阴天危害游程模拟分析

应用游程理论分析了日光温室连阴天危害发生的规律。对游程理论的模拟方法应用于日照时数序列表示的连阴天游程特征模拟的可行性进行了检验,发现：①冬季连阴天发生次数和连阴天长度期望值理论模拟结果与实际结果拟合良好,连阴天期间内日照时数缺乏量期望值须在理论模拟上加以修正;②连阴天长度的概率分布符合Ｄ．Ｍ．Ｈｅｒｓｈｆｉｔｌｄ的几何分布。以河南省为例给出了连阴天长度的概率分布和各游程特征量的地域分布规律;确定     

福州市1997年甘蔗开花的气候条件分析

本文从气候的角度分析和探讨福州１９９７年甘蔗开花的原因。结果表明,在甘蔗花芽分化的有效引变期间,夜温及日较差的变化范围分别在１８．０～２４．６℃及３．１～１０．６℃之间,平均相对湿度达７８％左右时有利于甘蔗的抽穗、开花。此外,实际日照条件的差异也会影响甘蔗花芽的分化。     

动力负熵场及其在短期天气预报中的应用

把纬圈气流虚拟平衡态原理具体应用到短期预报中,因时效短的缘故,决定了虚拟平衡态应在低层大气中寻找,倘若时效达到一定天数,则平衡态应在中层大气中定义。按照涡动原理计算出动力负熵值,由动力负熵值构成动力负熵场,其由正熵区,负熵区、０值线三部分组成,正熵区为无降水区,负熵区又分为负熵有效区和负熵无效区,前者为未来的降水区域,降水强度与负熵中心值和梯度的大小成正比。     

星-地结合对水稻高温热害监测模型的研究

全球气温变暖和高温事件的频繁出现,水稻遭受高温热害而造成严重损失的概率随之增加。笔者基于星-地结合的方法研究水稻高温热害监测模型,模型利用遥感的手段提取水稻种植区、反演水稻抽穗开花期、估算最高气温和平均气温,同时结合自动气象站的数据与遥感估算气温重构更精确、更完整、更客观的最高、平均气温的数据,最终根据水稻高温热害指标判断水稻高温热害并完成模型的构建。此模型能实现水稻抽穗开花期高温热害的定性、定量、程度的监测。对2017年安徽省高温热害的监测和检验结果显示,模型达到了较好的使用效果。     

河西地区高温对春玉米生长的影响

根据河西地区春玉米不同生育期内>30℃日最高气温的积温(AT)和>30℃日最高气温天数(AD)的变化特征,采用气候趋向率、Mann-Kendall检测、Pearson相关分析等方法,进一步分析了在气候变暖背景下河西地区极端高温对春玉米生长的影响。结果表明：1952—2021年河西地区春玉米生育期内气温显著上升,第二生长阶段（花前花后20天）日最高气温明显大于其他生育期,春玉米全生育期、第一生长阶段（播种到开花前11天）、第二生长阶段和第三生长阶段（开花后11天到成熟）日最高气温的气候趋向率分别为0.17、0.19、0.19、0.10℃/10a。近70年河西地区春玉米全生育期AT和AD极显著增加,第一生长阶段AT和AD的增加趋势明显大于第二生长阶段和第三生长阶段。河西地区春玉米生育期内极端高温对春玉米果穗、茎秆有一定不利影响,但对春玉米产量有极显著的正效应(P<0.01),其中第一生长阶段的极端高温对春玉米产量的影响更显著。河西地区的春玉米品种对第二生长阶段的长期高温具有一定的抗逆性,而且该地区雨热同期且春玉米种植区大部分为灌溉农业区,极端高温引起的土壤水分蒸发和植株冠...     

海洋微生物酶的研究概况

海洋中蕴藏着丰富的微生物资源,海洋微生物对于维持海洋生态平衡发挥着重要作用。尽管海洋中的许多微生物推测是由陆地环境经河水、污水、雨水或尘埃等途径而来的,但特殊的海洋环境赋予海洋微生物以特殊的遗传结构和生活习性。海洋生态环境复杂,高盐度、高压力、低温及特殊的光