Response of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to mulching practices under planted greenhouse condition

Mulch is considered a desirable management technology for conserving soil moisture, improving soil temperature and soil quality. This study aimed to investigate soil conditions and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity, fruit yield and quality, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under such practices in greenhouse condition. A field experiment across 3 years was carried out with four types of mulch (without mulch [CK], wheat straw mulch [SM], plastic film mulch [FM], and combined mulch with plastic film and wheat straw [CM]). Mulch could improve soil physical properties regardless of mulch materials. FM and CM treatments improved soil moistures status and soil temperature in comparison to CK control, while SM increased soil water content and decreased soil temperature. Mulch increased leaf net photosynthesis rate (P_N), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E), but declined instant water use efficiency (WUEi). No significant effect of mulch application on chlorophyll fluorescence was existent for the entire growth season. Fruit yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) showed some increment under all the mulch conditions. Compared to CK, the yield was enhanced by 82.3%, 65.0%, and 111.5% in 2008; 38.1%, 17.4%, and 46.5% in 2009; and 14.3%, 6.5%, and 19.6% in 2010 under SM, FM, and CM conditions, respectively. Although FM produced better fruit quality than other treatments, CM is the recommended practice for hot pepper cultivation in greenhouse condition due to working well to facilitate soil condition (moisture and temperature), plant growth, and marketable yield.     

集水措施下油松植树带微域环境的水量平衡分析

为解决因干旱少水导致黄土高原树木生长不良的问题,利用径流林业的理论,对不同集水面积和集水措施对油松生长环境的水量平衡做了研究。结果表明,不同的集水面积和坡面处理措施对植树带的来水量、耗水量和水量平衡都产生较大影响。其中集水面积5m2的水分盈余比集水面积3m2的要多,采取压实拍光措施(PG)的水分盈余比未采取措施(CK)的要多。     

长期不同施肥制度下土壤有机质质量动态变化规律

通过8年定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥制度下土壤有机质质量动态变化规律。结果表明,采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥,土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、腐殖酸碳及其占总有机碳比率、HAC、FAC和HAC/FAC不断提高,Kos持续下降,其变化速率表现为递减;长期不施肥和单施常量NPK化肥则造成Kos持续上升,其余指标以递减速率下降。不同施肥制度下土壤有机质质量指标的动态变化可利用渐近函数模拟。在试验的不同阶段,土壤腐殖酸碳总量的亏损或盈余向HAC分配比例的变化态势各异,长期不施肥处理随时间的延长渐减,单施常量NPK化肥处理基本上分配至HAC;有机肥(物)料配施化肥则呈现出后期>前期>中期的趋势。     

不同盐处理对黄瓜幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

利用溶液培养方法研究了Ca(NO3)2、KNO3、NaNO3和NaCl.4种盐在阴离子浓度为14、56、98、1401、82.mmol/L.5个水平下对黄瓜幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明:随着阴离子浓度的升高,4种盐处理均使黄瓜幼苗的生长受到抑制,质膜透性增大,脯氨酸含量增加,不同盐对保护酶系活性的影响有差异;3种含硝酸盐类的阳离子的影响大小依次为:钠盐>钾盐>钙盐;在相同水平的Na+离子条件下,NaNO3处理对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响大于NaCl处理。     

膜下滴灌条件下膜间不同处理对土壤水盐运移的影响

[目的]寻求合理的膜间土壤盐分累积控制方法,为指导盐碱地田间调控提供科学依据。[方法]采用覆秸秆,铺砂,喷施高分子化合物PAM,压实等方式对膜间裸地进行处理,对比分析各种处理措施的功效。[结果](1)各处理都能不同程度的减小膜间的水分蒸发量,起到保水作用。其中,在试验期间,覆秸秆的蒸发量为0.11cm,铺砂子蒸发量为0.34cm,喷施PAM为0.59cm,压实为1.55cm,而对照为2.32cm。(2)各处理都能提高膜间和覆膜窄行的土壤含水量。在覆膜窄行深度为10cm处,覆秸秆的土壤含水量相对降低率为47%,铺砂土的壤含水量为45%,施PAM的土壤含水量为56%,压实的土壤含水量为64%,对照为土壤含水量77%。(3)减小盐分在作物根层的积累。在覆膜窄行深度为10cm处,覆秸秆的相对脱盐率为3%,铺砂的相对脱盐率为2%,施用PAM的相对脱盐率为0%,压实的相对脱盐率为-16%,而对照的相对脱盐率为-28%。[结论]采用膜间处理能够减小水分散失和盐分在根层的积累,其中覆秸秆的功效最好。     

园林树木衰退原因及其保健措施

对安徽主要城市园林树木生长衰退与环境条件的关系进行了调查,结果表明:引起园林树木衰退的主要原因有土壤透气性能差,土壤污染,土壤质地不良,根系深埋或根系裸露,机械伤害,病虫危害,树龄过大,空气污染等;提出了园林树木的保健措施。     

Early forcing of narcissus: The effects of lifting date and stage of floral development at the start of cooling

Early Narcissus flowers may be obtained if bulbs are lifted early from the field, warm-stored (35°C) and then cool-stored (9°C) before forcing in a glasshouse. The earliest satisfactory forcing was investigated, in ‘Carlton’ and ‘Fortune’, by lifting weekly from 27 May to 22 June, and storing at 17°C for 0–7 weeks between warm- and cool-storage. Storage at 17°C is usually intercalated to allow the completion of flower differentiation prior to the start of cool storage.After warm-storage, the bulbs lifted on 27 May and 22 June had reached Stages Sp and A2 of flower differentiation, respectively; 5–7 weeks of 17°C-storage were then needed to reach complete flower differentiation (Stage Pc). Cool storage was therefore begun with bulbs ranging from Stage Sp to Stage Pc. The earliest cooled bulbs had progressed only to Stage A2, and all others to Stage Pc, after 14–16 weeks of cool storage. No floral defects (e.g., split paracorolla) were noted in any treatment, but in ‘Carlton’, about half the bulbs lifted on 27 May and stored for 0 or 1 week at 17°C did not yield a flower, due to failure of the scape to elongate and death of the flower bud within the spathe.Duration of the glasshouse period was reduced by later lifting and by longer 17°C-storage, but following lifting on 15 or 22 June and 2 or more weeks at 17°C, differences were trivial. For flowering within 30 days in the glasshouse, 5 or 6 weeks' 17°C-storage was needed with 27 May lifting, reducing to 1 week at 17°C after 22 June lifting. Flowering within 21 glasshouse days was achieved only after 15 or 22 June lifts followed by 4–5 weeks at 17°C. The earliest flowers in ‘Fortune’ (7 November) were produced following 3–5 weeks at 17°C after lifting on 27 May or 1 June, or following 1–2 weeks at 17°C after later lifting. In ‘Carlton’, the earliest flowers (23 November) followed 2–3 weeks at 17°C after lifting between 1 and 15 June, or 0–1 weeks at 17°C after the last lifting date (22 June). Following the use of 3 weeks' 17°C-storage, flowering date was about equal, irrespective of lifting date. However, further extension of 17°C-storage resulted in a delay in flowering date. Scape length increased irregularly with longer storage at 17°C; scapes were taller following later lifting (8–22 June) than following earlier lifting. Differences in flower diameter between treatments were relatively small.     

Plasma Steroid Variations in Bull Calves Repeatedly Treated with Testosterone,Nortestosterone and Oestradiol Administered Alone or in Combination

The aim of this work was to investigate the secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and oestradiol (E) as biological markers in response to illegal administration of testosterone, 19-nortestosterone (N) and oestradiol, either alone or in combination. Twenty male Friesian calves (age 13-14 months) were allotted to a control group (n = 5), and five experimental groups (n = 3) each. Each experimental animal was repeatedly injected with one of the following hormonal treatments: E, T, N, T+E and N+E. Circulating DHEA, T, DHT and E were determined by radioimmunoassay. The administration of T alone did not induce any variation in plasma DHEA, T, DHT and E, which were similar to those in the control group. In contrast, DHEA, T and DHT were on average significantly lower in the T+E and N-treated groups (p < 0.01), whereas the administration of N+E resulted in the reduction of plasma T and DHT without any modification of plasma DHEA. The administration of E alone or in combination increased circulating levels of E but did not affect androgen plasma profiles. The results indicate that plasma levels of T do not permit detection of illegal treatments because plasma androgens always remained within the physiological range. Illegal E treatment could be detected in blood samples when they were collected at least every 20 days.     

东北地区盐碱土特征及其农业生物治理

东北地区是我国四大盐碱土分布区之一。特殊的气候、地形和水文地质等自然因素以及人类不合理的农业技术措施和社会生产活动等人为因素加剧了该区盐碱化发生、分布与演变。本文系统分析了东北地区盐碱土的分布、成因及盐碱特征;阐述了其农业生物治理措施:种稻洗盐、耕作措施、培肥措施、种植耐盐植物和生物排碱;并对该区盐碱土农业生物治理措施及今后的工作提出了几点建议。     

The effect of metabolic stress disinfection and disinfestation (MSDD) on ‘Hass’ avocado fruit physiology and mortality of longtailed mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus)

Metabolic stress disinfection and disinfestation (MSDD) is a potential quarantine treatment in which a combination of cycles of rapid decompression and compression are followed by exposure to ethanol vapour under decompression. The response of ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill., cv. Hass) to MSDD treatment for control of longtailed mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus) was investigated. The best treatment for the most resistant life stage (2nd/3rd instars) was 90-min MSDD treatment with 371 mg L⁻¹ ethanol. Early and late season ‘Hass’ avocados were subjected to MSDD treatments (with 371 mg L⁻¹ ethanol), or in air (control). Following the treatments, early season fruit were ripened at 20 °C and 25 °C. Half of the late season fruit were ripened at either 20 °C or 25 °C, and the remainder were stored at 5.5 °C for 6 weeks, then ripened at 20 °C. There were no significant difference in quality and rot incidence between non-treated controls and MSDD-treated fruit. The main disorders found were stem-end and body rots, vascular browning and flesh greying for the stored fruit. There were also no significant differences in fruit respiration rate or ethylene production. Thus, MSDD was shown to be a potentially ‘soft’ disinfestation treatment for surface pests of avocado.