Control of apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by soil amendment with S-H mixture or Perlka in bean, canola and wheat fields

Ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produced from apothecia are the primary source of inoculum for causing diseases such as white mold of common bean, pod rot of pea, stem blight of canola and head rot of sunflower and safflower in the Canadian prairies. A field study was conducted for 4 years to determine efficacy of control of production of apothecia from carpogenically germinated sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum by soil amendment with Perlka^® (calcium cyanamide) and S-H mixture (a formulated compound). Results of the 4-year experiments showed that amendment of soil with Perlka^® at low (30 g/m²) or high (60 g/m²) rate was effective in reducing carpogenic germination of sclerotia and production of apothecia under the canopy of host crops (common bean and canola) and a non-host crop (wheat). In the experiments of 1988, for example, the numbers of apothecia produced in the treatments of Perlka^®-low rate (30 g/m²), Perlka^®-high rate (60 g/m²) and untreated control were 42, 46, and 182 apothecia/plot (m²), respectively, for bean; 89, 42, and 318 apothecia/plot (m²), respectively, for canola; and 146, 143, and 412 apothecia/plot (m²), respectively, for wheat. However, soil amendment of S-H mixture at low (30 g/m²) or high (60 g/m²) rate was ineffective in reducing carpogenic germination of sclerotia and production of apothecia for all the 4 years of testing in all three crops. The ineffectiveness of S-H mixture and the practicality of Perlka^® for control of Sclerotinia diseases of crops grown under Canadian prairie conditions are discussed.     

不同改良剂对保护地次生盐渍化土壤改良效果的研究

研究旨在提高保护地次生盐渍化土壤肥力,探索建立适宜当地的次生盐渍化土壤改良模式。选择宿豫区典型保护地次生盐渍化土壤,以不施处理为对照,研究施用有机肥、土壤调理剂、米糠对土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷以及水溶性盐的影响。结果表明：各处理均能不同程度对次生盐渍化土壤进行改良,增加土壤养分,降低土壤含盐量。与对照相比,施用有机肥处理较对照土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾分别提高41.6%、68.3%、121.6%,米糠处理较对照土壤有机质、速效钾显著增加41.4%、48.6%,土壤调理剂处理也有增加土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量的趋势。此外,各处理还对土壤水溶性盐分有降低效果。其中米糠处理较对照土壤电导率、水溶性盐总量、水溶性钙离子、水溶性镁离子、硫酸根离子含量分别显著降低43.3%、23.5%、28.9%、34.6%、23.2%。米糠、有机肥、土壤调理剂对次生盐渍化土壤改良效果依次递减,其中米糠改良效果较为显著。     

沙质土壤改良剂对沙地玉米土壤含水量、水分产出率及产量的影响

为了明确沙质土壤改良剂对沙地玉米保水增产的长效性影响,通过在不同年份施加沙质土壤改良剂研究其对沙地土壤含水量、水分产出率以及玉米产量影响的长效机制。结果表明：施加沙质土壤改良剂后均能提高各生育时期0~40 cm土层土壤含水量,且对应各土层土壤含水量总体表现为：第3年(C)＞第4年(D)＞第2年(B)＞第1年(A)＞不施(CK),依次较CK平均提高53.95%、46.68%、37.83%和34.92%;在水分产出率和产量方面,各处理表现为：第3年(C)＞第4年(D)＞第2年(B)＞第1年(A)＞不施(CK),C处理最好,产量达到了9490.50 kg/hm²,分别较第4年、第2年和第1年增产11.11%、18.01%和38.69%;水分产出率为6.91 kg/(hm²·mm),较其他处理提高了11.24%~59.53%。研究结果表明,施加沙质土壤改良剂在前3年可逐年提高土壤含水量、水分产出率和玉米产量,在第3年达到最大,说明其具有显著的保水和增产效果。     

疏浚底泥的园林绿化应用

疏浚底泥具有陆地土壤的基本理化性质,富含植物生长所需的各种营养物质,可以用作土壤改良剂或人造土壤,应用于园林绿化。底泥用作土壤改良剂可以改善土壤理化性质,促进植物生长。底泥用作人造土壤应用于园林绿化的客土置换,可以避免因客土置换引起的采土区水土流失问题,且易实现质量控制,是底泥园林绿化应用的新途径。     

Effectiveness and longevity of amendments to a cadmium-contaminated soil

The effectiveness and longevity of amendments will influence the reduction in cadmium(Cd) bioavailability by in situ remediation techniques. Different amendments, including red mud(RM), corn straw(CS), rape straw(RS), and their combinations with zinc(Zn) fertilizer, were evaluated based on a long-term field experiment. It was found that all amendments decreased the concentration of available-Cd(EDTA-Cd and Exch-Cd) in soil and also reduced the Cd content(%) in plants. The amendments were still effective after eight years, although the effect did decline over time. The reduction of plant Cd content was 83.5% for red mud plus rape straw(RMRS), 65.3% for red mud plus corn straw(RMCS), 50.9% for RS, 54.0% for RM, and 37.3% for CS in the first few years. The reduction in plant Cd content was still 17.2% for RMRS after eight years, and RMRS was found to be the most effective treatment for decreasing Cd bioavailability. This study also explained that why the reduction in plant Cd content declined over time is the change of available Cd content in soil over time, which is important for guiding agricultural practice. It was concluded that RM, CS, RS, and their combinations with Zn fertilizer as effective amendments can have a profound and lasting positive impact on Cd-contaminated soils.     

新型土壤改良剂对水稻吸收累积Cd、Pb的影响初探

在盆栽条件下研究了一种新型土壤改良剂(商品名:农大夫-地保2号,又名土壤还原素)对两种污染土壤(潮泥田和红黄泥)水稻吸收累积Cd、Pb的影响.结果表明,施用土壤改良剂能显著提高潮泥田和红黄泥的土壤pH值,降低土壤有效态Cd、Pb及水稻糙米Cd、Pb含量.当土壤改良剂施用量达到8 g/kg时,两种土壤的pH值均显著高于对照(H-0).当土壤改良剂施用量达到4 g/kg时,潮泥田土壤有效态Cd含量低于对照30.8%(P＜0.05);当其施用量增至8 g/kg时,土壤有效态Pb含量比对照降低21.9%(P＜0.05),同时水稻糙米Cd、Pb含量比对照降低18.4%(P＜0.05)和20.3%(P＜0.05).当土壤改良剂施用量达到8 g/kg时,红黄泥土壤有效态Cd、Pb分别低于对照30.7%(P＜0.05)和24.4%(P＜0.05),而其水稻糙米Cd、Pb含量在土壤改良剂施用量为4 g/kg时降幅达22.8%(P＜0.05)和24.2%(P＜0.05).综合分析认为,施土壤改良剂能显著降低污染土壤上水稻糙米的Cd、Pb累积,其效果与土壤改良剂用量、土壤pH值及土壤Cd、Pb含量有关,可能对酸性土壤更有效.     

滨海新围滩涂不同改良方式对土壤盐渍化调控效应及其主控因素

土壤盐渍化是制约滨海新围滩涂围垦区土壤质量的最主要因子,严重抑制了作物的生长和产量。试验设置了对照处理(CK)、有机肥(OM)、聚丙烯酰胺+有机肥(PAM+OM)、秸秆覆盖+有机肥(SM+OM)、秸秆深埋+有机肥(BS+OM)和生物菌肥+有机肥(BM+OM)6个处理方式,研究不同改良方式对滨海盐碱地土壤盐渍化的调控效应,明确改良过程中土壤盐渍化程度变异的主控因素。结果表明,表层土壤含盐量、钠吸附比和碱化度随着燕麦生育期的推移逐渐上升,而pH随着燕麦生育期的推移逐渐下降。与CK处理相比,PAM+OM、SM+OM、BS+OM和BM+OM措施能够显著降低0—20cm深度的土壤含盐量、pH、钠吸附比和碱化度。其中,SM+OM措施对土壤含盐量的抑制效果最好,达到68.0%~73.6%;而BM+OM措施对pH、钠吸附比和碱化度的调控效果最佳,分别降低4.5%~8.2%,61.5%~80.8%和55.5%~79.4%。主控因素分析表明环境因子中的土壤容重、土壤含水量和蒸发量对表层土壤盐渍化程度的影响均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),而风速和降水量的影响则达到显著水平(P<0.05)。     

干旱条件下土壤扩蓄增容肥保水增产效应研究

在陕西三原县进行裂区试验,研究了不同灌水量条件下扩蓄增容肥对冬小麦产量、水分与降水利用效率的影响.结果表明:①低灌水条件下秸秆配方处理冬小麦花期到成熟期表层土壤蓄水量基本没有变化,而废料配方与普通施肥处理的蓄水量减少5.68 mm和8.56 mm;高灌水条件下秸秆配方处理营养生长期耗水速率小,但其分蘖至越冬阶段耗水分别...     

土壤改良剂对鄱阳湖区潜育性稻田的改良作用研究

潜育化水稻土存在渍、冷、烂、闭(气)、毒及缺素等障碍因素,土壤改良剂是其改良的有效办法之一。本文研究了有机与无机材料相结合对鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田的改良效果,旨在为湖区此类土壤改良提供技术参考。田间定位试验设有机、无机改良剂10个互作处理,分别为(1)对照,T1;(2)牛粪+粉煤灰,T2;(3)牛粪+石灰,T3;(4)枯饼+粉煤灰,T4;(5)枯饼+石灰,T5;(6)牛粪+粉煤灰+石灰,T6;(7)枯饼+粉煤灰+石灰,T7;(8)牛粪+枯饼+粉煤灰,T8;(9)牛粪+枯饼+石灰,T9;(10)牛粪+枯饼+粉煤灰+石灰,T10,研究了土壤改良剂对土壤氧化还原电位、还原物质总量及土壤肥力的影响,并结合水稻产量分析了有机无机改良剂相结合的改良作用。结果表明:在提高土壤氧化还原电位方面,T5处理最明显,在抽穗期比T1显著提升了69.2%(P0.05)。在消减土壤还原性物质方面,各施用改良剂处理均能显著降低土壤还原性物质,其中T5、T8、T10三个施用石灰的处理效果最为显著,比T1分别降低了84.5%、79.3%和72.2%(P0.05)。施用土壤改良剂对土壤有机质、碱解氮、水溶性碳无显著影响,但对土壤速效磷、速效钾、pH值、电导率和水溶性氮有显著的提升作用。在提高水稻SPAD值方面,所有施枯饼的处理T4、T5,T7~T10均能显著提高水稻SPAD值,在抽穗期比T1提高了13.5~28.6%(P0.05)。3年平均产量表明,T10能显著提高潜育性稻田产量,比T1显著提高10.3%(P0.05)。因此,枯饼与石灰配合是降低鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田土壤还原性物质、提升氧化还原电位、电导率的最有效措施;牛粪、枯饼、粉煤灰、石灰相配合则是综合提升水稻产量的最有效措施。     

生物质炭土壤调理剂的研究进展

生物质炭作为一种高效、绿色、多功能的土壤调理剂在农业生产和环境修复中具有广阔的应用前景,因而受到了国内外研究学者的广泛关注。论文综述了生物质炭在土壤改良、污染土壤修复、土壤微生物以及对农作物的影响机理等方面的研究成果,分析展望了生物质炭土壤调理剂的发展趋势,提出了需要进一步研究和解决的问题。