A novel type of seaweed extract as a natural alternative to the use of iron chelates in strawberry production

The new generation of seaweed extracts, such as Actiwave^®, may represent a promising strategy to reduce the use of phytochemicals in agriculture. Actiwave^® is a metabolic enhancer derived by the algae Ascophillum nodosum, but differently from some older seaweed extracts, it has a constant and balanced formulation containing kahydrin, alginic acid and betaines which synergistically contribute to the efficacy of the product. Actiwave^® has been proposed to increase the mineral nutrient uptake and the abiotic stress tolerance. The aim of this work was to evaluate, under a multidisciplinary approach, the effect of the biostimulant on the vegetative and productive performances of strawberry plants grown on a lime inducing iron chlorosis substrate. This biostimulant increased the vegetative growth (10%), the leaf chlorophyll content (11%), the stomata density (6.5%), the photosynthetic rate and the fruit production (27%) and berry weight. The most significant result was the increase of the plant biomass: the shoot dry matter was increased up to 27% and root dry matter up to 76%. Finally, preliminary experiments showed that Actiwave^® positively influenced also the root-associated microbial biocoenosis. These results are discussed in relation to the physiological and ecological mechanisms proposed to explain the beneficial effects of this seaweed extract. Finally, the effects of Actiwave^® and sequestrene were significantly similar, thus showing that this biostimulant may represent an environmental-friendly substitute of the iron chelates.     

不同调理剂的添加对造纸污泥好氧堆肥的影响

以造纸污泥为原料,添加不同的调理剂,研究其对造纸污泥堆肥的影响,结果表明:以水稻秸秆作为调理剂的处理无法达到高温。添加米糠作为调理剂的处理升温最快,温度最高;添加蘑菇渣作为调理剂的处理也可达到高温,温度却偏低,但高温期较添加米糠长;水稻秸秆作为调理剂处理的pH整体较低,添加米糠处理和添加蘑菇渣处理pH相近。各处理EC均较低,堆肥结束时3个处理EC分别为2.0、2.1和1.2mS/cm。水稻秸秆处理的全氮呈不断上升趋势,添加米糠处理和添加蘑菇渣处理全氮基本不变。至堆肥结束时,水稻秸秆处理全氮含量比堆肥初始增加58.6%,而添加米糠处理和添加蘑菇渣处理分别比堆肥初始时低了3.3%和0.98%。至堆肥结束,3个处理DOC含量分别比初始时降低48.7%、68.2%和49.1%,GI分别为85.9%、110.5%和95.2%。各堆肥后的产品重金属含量均低于农用污泥中污染物控制标准值,养分含量增加。     

新型土壤改良剂对水稻吸收累积Cd、Pb的影响初探

在盆栽条件下研究了一种新型土壤改良剂(商品名:农大夫-地保2号,又名土壤还原素)对两种污染土壤(潮泥田和红黄泥)水稻吸收累积Cd、Pb的影响.结果表明,施用土壤改良剂能显著提高潮泥田和红黄泥的土壤pH值,降低土壤有效态Cd、Pb及水稻糙米Cd、Pb含量.当土壤改良剂施用量达到8 g/kg时,两种土壤的pH值均显著高于对照(H-0).当土壤改良剂施用量达到4 g/kg时,潮泥田土壤有效态Cd含量低于对照30.8%(P＜0.05);当其施用量增至8 g/kg时,土壤有效态Pb含量比对照降低21.9%(P＜0.05),同时水稻糙米Cd、Pb含量比对照降低18.4%(P＜0.05)和20.3%(P＜0.05).当土壤改良剂施用量达到8 g/kg时,红黄泥土壤有效态Cd、Pb分别低于对照30.7%(P＜0.05)和24.4%(P＜0.05),而其水稻糙米Cd、Pb含量在土壤改良剂施用量为4 g/kg时降幅达22.8%(P＜0.05)和24.2%(P＜0.05).综合分析认为,施土壤改良剂能显著降低污染土壤上水稻糙米的Cd、Pb累积,其效果与土壤改良剂用量、土壤pH值及土壤Cd、Pb含量有关,可能对酸性土壤更有效.     

江南冷浸田治理利用研究进展

冷浸田是我国江南地区主要的一类低产水田,因其撂荒普遍,但增产潜力巨大且自然生态条件优越而受到关注。冷浸田形成是气候、地形、水文、人为管理等综合作用形成的结果。受常年地表水和地下水浸渍影响,冷浸田土壤物理、化学和生物学性质发生了系列变化,呈现"冷、烂、毒、瘦"障碍特征,如水土温度低、土壤浸水容重低、亚铁、有机酸及还原态硫等还原性物质含量高、有机碳含量高但活性有机碳及有效养分缺乏或失衡、微生物区系少等。通过稻田潜育层与土壤还原性物质、地下水位等指标可诊断冷浸田并可评价土壤质量。冷浸田的治理利用包括工程措施、农艺措施与生物措施等综合技术,涉及明沟暗管、适生品种、水旱轮作、垄畦耕作、平衡施肥与土壤改良剂等。除了传统的水稻种植方式外,因地制宜利用是提高冷浸田综合生产能力的有效措施。在总结前人基础上,基于农业可持续发展观点,展望了今后冷浸田治理利用的研究重点与对策建议,包括研究不同渍水状态与干湿交替下土壤结构和土壤有机质组分差异;加强长期渍水状态的冷浸田甲烷排放特征研究;加强冷浸田潜育化过程厌气性的微生物与其产生的相关酶的生态学过程研究,强化微生物学调控改良冷浸田;此外应针对不同生态类型与生产条件的冷浸田加强技术集成与政策扶持。     

疏浚底泥的园林绿化应用

疏浚底泥具有陆地土壤的基本理化性质,富含植物生长所需的各种营养物质,可以用作土壤改良剂或人造土壤,应用于园林绿化。底泥用作土壤改良剂可以改善土壤理化性质,促进植物生长。底泥用作人造土壤应用于园林绿化的客土置换,可以避免因客土置换引起的采土区水土流失问题,且易实现质量控制,是底泥园林绿化应用的新途径。     

不同钝化材料对污灌农田镉污染土壤修复效果研究

为了探讨不同钝化材料对镉污染土壤修复效果及其差异性,利用田间小区试验研究了5种钝化材料(赤泥、海泡石、过磷酸钙、钙镁磷肥和生物质炭)对夏玉米生长及其吸收镉的影响。结果表明,5种钝化剂及其施用量均对玉米各部位干物质量及其含镉量以及根际土壤有效态镉量均产生极显著影响(P0.001)。高量施用钝化剂对玉米各部位干物质增加比例最大,其中又以钙镁磷肥增加比例最大,根、茎叶、籽粒干物质量分别增加9.6%、7.0%、1.1%。5种钝化剂低量和高量处理均显著降低了玉米根、茎叶、籽粒含镉量以及根际土壤有效态镉量,其降低范围分别为10.8%~26.3%、9.0%~34.8%、15.7%~37.1%、5.1%~20.5%,其中高量赤泥处理降低玉米对镉的吸收效果最显著。     

土壤改良剂对鄱阳湖区潜育性稻田的改良作用研究

潜育化水稻土存在渍、冷、烂、闭(气)、毒及缺素等障碍因素,土壤改良剂是其改良的有效办法之一。本文研究了有机与无机材料相结合对鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田的改良效果,旨在为湖区此类土壤改良提供技术参考。田间定位试验设有机、无机改良剂10个互作处理,分别为(1)对照,T1;(2)牛粪+粉煤灰,T2;(3)牛粪+石灰,T3;(4)枯饼+粉煤灰,T4;(5)枯饼+石灰,T5;(6)牛粪+粉煤灰+石灰,T6;(7)枯饼+粉煤灰+石灰,T7;(8)牛粪+枯饼+粉煤灰,T8;(9)牛粪+枯饼+石灰,T9;(10)牛粪+枯饼+粉煤灰+石灰,T10,研究了土壤改良剂对土壤氧化还原电位、还原物质总量及土壤肥力的影响,并结合水稻产量分析了有机无机改良剂相结合的改良作用。结果表明:在提高土壤氧化还原电位方面,T5处理最明显,在抽穗期比T1显著提升了69.2%(P0.05)。在消减土壤还原性物质方面,各施用改良剂处理均能显著降低土壤还原性物质,其中T5、T8、T10三个施用石灰的处理效果最为显著,比T1分别降低了84.5%、79.3%和72.2%(P0.05)。施用土壤改良剂对土壤有机质、碱解氮、水溶性碳无显著影响,但对土壤速效磷、速效钾、pH值、电导率和水溶性氮有显著的提升作用。在提高水稻SPAD值方面,所有施枯饼的处理T4、T5,T7~T10均能显著提高水稻SPAD值,在抽穗期比T1提高了13.5~28.6%(P0.05)。3年平均产量表明,T10能显著提高潜育性稻田产量,比T1显著提高10.3%(P0.05)。因此,枯饼与石灰配合是降低鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田土壤还原性物质、提升氧化还原电位、电导率的最有效措施;牛粪、枯饼、粉煤灰、石灰相配合则是综合提升水稻产量的最有效措施。     

生物质炭土壤调理剂的研究进展

生物质炭作为一种高效、绿色、多功能的土壤调理剂在农业生产和环境修复中具有广阔的应用前景,因而受到了国内外研究学者的广泛关注。论文综述了生物质炭在土壤改良、污染土壤修复、土壤微生物以及对农作物的影响机理等方面的研究成果,分析展望了生物质炭土壤调理剂的发展趋势,提出了需要进一步研究和解决的问题。     

Impacts of straw biochar additions on agricultural soil quality and greenhouse gas fluxes in karst area,Southwest China

Understanding and improving environmental quality by reducing soil nutrient leaching losses, sequestering carbon (C), reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and enhancing crop productivity in highly weathered or degraded soils have always been the goals of agroecosystem researchers and producers. Biochar production and soil incorporation strategies have been recently proposed to help attain these goals. However, the effect of such approaches on soil GHG fluxes is highly uncertain and needs to be further assessed before biochar can be used on a large scale. In addition, the duration of these GHG reductions is not known and is of pivotal importance for the inclusion of biochar in climate abatement strategies. In a field trial cultivated with Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis) and radish (Daucus carota L. var. Sativa Hoffm), rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) straw-derived biochar was added to the soil at rates of 0, 26, 64 and 128 t ha^?1, in the whole growing season (October 2011–March 2012) to monitor the effect of treatments on soil GHG production/consumption and soil quality 16 months after biochar addition. The results showed that biochar amendment increased soil pH, nitrate nitrogen content, available phosphorus content and soil water content, but decreased soil bulk density. In biochar-treated plots, soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes were from 20.1 to 87.0% higher than in the control. Soil methane (CH₄) uptakes were increased significantly, by 33.2 and 80.1%, between the biochar amendment at the rate of 64 and 128 t ha^?1 and the control. Soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes showed no significant difference between biochar amendment and the control. Overall only the CH₄ uptake-promoting effect continued into the long term, 16 months after biochar incorporation. This study demonstrates that the beneficial effects of biochar addition might first come through soil quality improvement and carbon sequestration, rather than through effects on the repression of soil C mineralization or the nitrogen cycle.     

联合施用不同植物物质和鸡粪对土壤碳氮含量和蔬菜产量的影响

The use of plant materials as soil amendments is an uncommon practice amongst major farming communities in Ghana, although it is necessary for soil fertility improvement. An examination of the effects of soil amendments is necessary to encourage the use of under-utilized organic resources in Ghana. Thus, a field experiment was conducted using 8 different tropical plant materials mixed with chicken manure as soil amendments for growth of tomato as a test crop. The plant materials included Leucaena leucocephala, Centrosema pubescens, Sesbania sesban, Gliricidia sepium, Mucuna pruriens, Pueraria phaseoloides, Azadirachta indica, and Theobroma cacao. There were two other treatments: one with equivalent amounts of chemical fertilizers and the other with no-fertilizer input (control). Plant materials were mixed with chicken manure to obtain a uniform carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio of 5:1. Except the no-fertilizer control, all treatments received the same amount of nitrogen (N). To clarify the decomposition pattern of the plant materials in soil, an incubation experiment was conducted using only the plant materials before the field experiment. The Gliricidia treatment released significantly more mineral N than the other plant materials in the incubation experiment. However, the tomato fruit yield was not enhanced in the Gliricidia treatment in the field experiment. The known quality parameters of the tested plant materials, such as total N, total carbon (C), C:N ratio, and total polyphenols, had minimal effects on their mineralization dynamics. Azadirachta showed the best synergistic effect with chicken manure through significantly increasing soil microbial biomass and fruit yield of tomato. This result provides insights into the possible adoption of Azadirachta in combination with chicken manure as a soil amendment in small-scale agricultural holdings.