氢醌对水田土壤脲酶活性抑制动态和水稻生长的影响

采用盆栽和田间试验，研究了氢醌对水田土壤脲酶活性、水稻生长和产量性状的影响，试验结果表明，随氢醌用量增加，对水田土壤脲酶活性抑制率增大，抑制时间增长；尿素配施适量氢醌，能促进水稻生长发育、干物质积累，并提出了稻谷产量，施用氢醌提出了水田土壤供氮能力和植株含氮量。     

土壤施用脲酶抑制剂醌氢醌后蕹菜体内氮代谢的变化研究

盆栽试验研究施用醌氢醌后蕹菜体内N代谢的变化结果表明,醌氢醌使蕹菜叶片硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶和谷酰胺合成酶活性、总N及蛋白质含量提高,游离氨基酸含量降低。盆栽蕹菜醌氢醌适宜用量为2 0～4 0mg/kg土     

The short-term effects of cessation of fertiliser applications,liming, and grazing on microbial biomass and activity in a reseeded upland grassland soil

A field study was conducted to determine the influence of a short-term (2 year) cessation of fertiliser applications, liming, and sheep-grazing on microbial biomass and activity in a reseeded upland grassland soil. The cessation of fertiliser applications (N and NPK) on a limed and grazed grassland had no effect on microbial biomass measurements, enzyme activities, or respiration. Withholding fertiliser and lime from a grazed grassland resulted in significant reductions in both microbial biomass C (P<0.05) and dehydrogenase activity (P<0.05) by approximately 18 and 21%, respectively. The removal of fertiliser applications, liming, and grazing resulted in even greater reductions in microbial biomass C (44%, P<0.001) and dehydrogenase activity (31%, P<0.001), and significant reductions in microbial biomass N (P<0.005), urease activity (P<0.05), phosphatase activity (P<0.001), and basal respiration (P<0.05). The abundance of culturable bacteria and fungi and the soil ATP content were unaffected by changes in grassland managements. With the cessation of liming soil pH fell from 5.4 to 4.7, and the removal of grazing resulted in a further reduction to pH 4.5. A significant negative linear relationship (r ²=0.97; P<0.01) was found between increasing soil acidity and dehydrogenase activity. Possible mechanisms influencing these changes are discussed.     

Factors affecting l-asparaginase activity in soils

Summary Studies on the distribution of l-asparaginase in soil profile samples revealed that its activity generally decreases with sample depth and is accompanied by a decrease in organic C content. Statistical analyses indicated that l-asparaginase activity was significantly correlated (^** P<0.01) with organic C (r=0.86^**) and total N (r=0.78^**) in the 26 surface soil samples examined. There was no significant relationship between l-asparaginase activity and the percentage of clay or sand. There was, however, a significant correlation between l-asparaginase activity and amidase (r=0.82^**) and urease (r=0.79^**) activities in the surface samples studied. The effects of 21 trace elements, 12 herbicides, 2 fungicides, and 2 insecticides on l-asparaginase activity in soils showed that most of the trace elements and pesticides, at the concentrations used, inhibited the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme. The degree of inhibition varied among soils. When the trace elements were compared, at the rate of 5 mol g^-1 soil, the average inhibition of l-asparaginase in three soils showed that Ag(I), Cd(II), Hg(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), and V(IV) were the most effective inhibitors (average inhibition 20%). The least effective inhibitors (average 10%) included Cu(I), Ba(II), Co(II), Sn(II), Zn(II), Al(III), Se(IV), As(V), and Mo(VI). Other trace elements that inhibited l-asparaginase activity in soils were Cu(II), Mn(II), As(III), B(III), Cr(III), Fe(III), Ti(IV), and W(VI). When the pesticides were compared, at the rate of 10 g active ingredient g^-1 soil, the average inhibition of l-asparaginase activity in three soils ranged from 4% with Merpan to 46% with Malaspray. Other pesticides that inhibited l-asparaginase activity in soils (average inhibition in parentheses) were Aatrex (17%), Alanap (21%), Amiben (18%), Banvel (12%), Bladex (24%), 2,4-D (17%), Dinitramine (19%), Eradicane (16%), Lasso (40%), Paraquat (33%), Sutan (39%), treflan (7%), Menesan (18%), and Diazinon (33%).     

Effect of organic matter and urease inhibitors on urea hydrolysis and immobilization of urea nitrogen in an alkaline soil

Summary Laboratory incubation experiments with ¹⁵N-labelled urea were conducted on a Aquic Udifluvent Belgian soil amended with barley straw, in, order to study the influence of three urease inhibitors, hydroquinone, phenyl phosphorodiamidate and N-(n-butyl) phosphorothioic triamide on urea hydrolysis and N transformations. The results demonstrated that the urea was hydrolyzed more rapidly when the soil was amended with ground barley straw. A pronounced inhibition of urease inhibitors occurred with the urea hydrolysis, but it was decreased by increasing the soil organic C content. A severe N immobilization (about 82–100% of the applied urea) occurred in soil samples that were rich in organic C. The addition of urease inhibitors increased urea-N immobilization by 5–30%. N-(n-butyl) phosphorothioic triamide had a stronger effect than the other two inhibitors when they were applied at the rate of 1%. However, the inhibitors decreased N immobilization when the soil was amended with barley straw.     

Production of urease by microbial activity in soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Summary Several workers have reported that O₂ has little, if any, effect on hydrolysis of urea by soil urease, but others have reported that it has a marked effect, hydrolysis being significantly faster in soils under aerobic conditions than in O₂-depleted soils. In studies to account for these divergent results, we found that whereas plant residues and other readily decomposable organic materials markedly stimulated microbial production of urease in soils under aerobic conditions, they did not greatly stimulate production of urease in soils under anaerobic conditions. We also found that although anaerobic conditions retarded production of urease by soil microorganisms, they did not inhibit hydrolysis of urea by soil urease. These observations suggest that the divergent findings concerning the effect of O₂ on hydrolysis of urea by soil urease may have resulted from differences in the amounts of readily decomposable organic materials in the soils studied.     

Enzyme activities and microbial biomass in coastal soils of India

Soil salinity is a serious problem for agriculture in coastal regions, wherein salinity is temporal in nature. We studied the effect of salinity, in summer, monsoon and winter seasons, on microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzyme activities (EAs) of the salt-affected soils of the coastal region of the Bay of Bengal, Sundarbans, India. The average pH of soils collected from different sites, during different seasons varied from 4.8 to 7.8. The average organic C (OC) and total N (TN) content of the soils ranged between 5.2-14.1 and 0.6-1.4 g kg⁻¹, respectively. The electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of soils, averaged over season, varied from 2.2 to 16.3 dSm⁻¹. The ECe of the soils increased five fold during the summer season (13.8 dSm⁻¹) than the monsoon season (2.7 dSm⁻¹). The major cation and anion detected were Na⁺ and Cl⁻, respectively. Seasonality exerted considerable effects on MBC and soil EAs, with the lowest values recorded during the summer season. The activities of β-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were similar during the winter and monsoon season. The dehydrogenase activity of soils was higher in monsoon than in winter. Average MBC, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities of the saline soils ranged from 125 to 346 mg kg⁻¹ oven dry soil, 6-9.9 mg triphenyl formazan (TPF) kg⁻¹ oven dry soil h⁻¹, 18-53 mg p-nitro phenol (PNP) kg⁻¹ oven dry soil h⁻¹, 38-86 mg urea hydrolyzed kg⁻¹ oven dry soil h⁻¹, 213-584 mg PNP kg⁻¹ oven dry soil h⁻¹ and 176-362 mg PNP g⁻¹ oven dry soil h⁻¹, respectively. The same for the non-saline soils were 274-446 mg kg⁻¹ oven dry soil, 8.8-14.4 mg TPF kg⁻¹ oven dry soil h⁻¹, 41-80 mg PNP kg⁻¹ oven dry soil h⁻¹, 89-134 mg urea hydrolyzed kg⁻¹ oven dry soil h⁻¹, 219-287 mg PNP kg⁻¹ oven dry soil h⁻¹ and 407-417 mg PNP kg⁻¹ oven dry soil h⁻¹, respectively. About 48%, 82%, 48%, 63%, 40% and 48% variation in MBC, dehydrogenase activity, β-glucosidase activity, urease activity, acid phosphatase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity, respectively, could be explained by the variation in ECe of saline soils. Suppression of EAs of the coastal soils during summer due to salinity rise is of immense agronomic significance and needs suitable interventions for sustainable crop production.     

盐酸吗啉胍对植烟土壤酶活性的影响

[目的]了解盐酸吗啉胍对植烟土壤酶活性的影响.[方法]采用室内模拟方法,研究了盐酸吗啉胍可湿性粉剂对植物烟草土壤中3种常见酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶)活性的影响.[结果]盐酸吗啉胍对蔗糖酶的作用表现为激活;对脲酶的作用表现为先激活后抑制;对过氧化氢酶的作用表现为先抑制后激活再抑制.试验采用的4种不同浓度的盐酸吗啉胍对3种酶的影响各不相同,总体而言,盐酸吗啉胍的浓度越高,其影响作用越强.试验进行到30 d后,盐酸吗啉胍可湿性粉剂对3种酶活性的影响作用减弱,即对供试土壤生态系统环境影响作用减弱.[结论]试验结果为烟草农业发展和推动农药改进提供了参考.     

豆科牧草根际土壤脲酶活性的研究

研究结果表明:土壤脲酶活性与养分含量呈极显著相关,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标;脲酶活性的垂直分布随土层深度而递减;土壤脲酶活性数量随作物生长与根系生物量的增强而增加,与土壤微生物数量显著相关;根际土壤脲酶活性高于近根际土壤;不同种类豆科牧草,根际土壤脲酶活性存在明显差异。深根豆科牧草苜蓿、草木樨可留给深层土壤大量根系残留物,从而有利于提高土壤深层脲酶活性与综合供肥能力。     

腐殖酸长效尿素在土壤中转化及其对玉米增产的效应研究

试验研究腐殖酸长效尿素(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)在土壤中转化及其对玉米增产效应结果表明,与普通尿素相比,施用腐殖酸长效尿素玉米生长发育前期可抑制土壤中脲酶活性,向土壤环境供N速度基本与玉米生长发育需N速度相一致。同时可提高玉米不同生育期叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用强度,显著提高玉米籽粒产量。其中以Ⅰ型长效尿素效果最佳,比普通尿素处理增产35.1%。