近红外光谱分析技术在测定饲料中植酸磷含量上的应用

植酸是一种抗营养因子。传统的用三氯化铁沉淀植酸的化学分析法费时费工,不能满足饲料工业发展的需要。为了寻求快速检测饲料中植酸磷(简称P.P.)含量的手段,本试验运用近红外光谱分析技术(简称 NIRS),分别以植酸磷含量较高的米糠饼和植酸磷含量较低的高粱为样品,对这两种饲料的化学分析法测值与近红外光谱法测值进行了比较。试验结果表明:用48个米糠饼样品和50个高粱样品进行定标,相关系数(R,下同)分别为0.901和0.890,残余标准差(RSD,下同)分别为0.06和0.03;另用不参与定标的25个米糠饼样品和21个高粱样品对定标结果进行检验,R 分别为0.803和0.917,RSD 分别为0.07和0.02。NIRS 法的分析精度基本上可以达到化学分析法的要求。作者认为,达项技术作为饲料中 PP 含量快速分析的手段是可行的。     

高粱11A与3种苏丹草杂交种F1代的农艺特性及细胞遗传学研究

研究了雄性不育系高粱11A与苏丹草3个杂交组合F1代的生育、产量、光合性能等主要农艺特性及细胞遗传学特性。结果表明,3个杂交组合F1代的生长势和平均株高均明显超过其各自父本苏丹草,继承了苏丹草分蘖能力强和高粱11A抗倒伏的优良特性,生育期126~130 d,穗型呈双亲中间型;F1代花粉可育率均高达93%以上,结实性好,自然结实率62.34%~68.75%,杂交组合间差异不明显;F1代PMCMⅠ的平均染色体构型均为2n=2x=20(10Ⅱ),配对行为较规则,但棒状二价体频率明显高于其3个父本苏丹草和母本高粱11A,原亲本间遗传组成存在一定差异。综合分析植株生长、产量性状、光合性能等指标,得出3个杂交组合F1代的育种潜力依次为:高粱11A×棕壳苏丹草F1≥高粱11A×黑壳苏丹草F1>高粱11A×白壳苏丹草F1。     

高粱抗蚜基因的遗传分析和SSR标记定位

高粱蚜是高粱生产中的一种毁灭性害虫,利用植物的固有抗性是防治害虫的最有效途径。经多年杂交选育获得1个对高粱蚜免疫的高粱品种“河农16”,用其作亲本与感蚜品系“千三”进行杂交,对亲本、F1、F2抗蚜性鉴定表明,“河农16”和F1对蚜虫表现高抗,F2抗感分离符合3∶1,该抗蚜性受一对基因控制,表现出显性遗传。用已定位到连锁群上的微卫星标记和分离群体分析法,对抗蚜基因进行了连锁分析,发现1个与抗蚜基因连锁的微卫星标记(SSR标记),与抗蚜基因的遗传距离为8.7 cM。该标记位于第9连锁群上,因而将该基因初步定位于第9连锁群。     

苏丹草与高粱染色体核型比较研究

采用去壁低渗火焰干燥法对4个苏丹草和6个高粱品种的核型进行比较研究。结果表明,苏丹草和高粱体细胞染色体数均为20(2n=20);苏丹草品种均为1A核型,并具有1对随体染色体,其中1、2号品种的第2对染色体为近中间着丝点染色体,3、4号品种为中间着丝点染色体;高粱品种除5号为1A核型、中间着丝点染色体外,其余的5个品种为2A或2B核型,且都有1或2对近中间着丝点染色体,9号品种还出现1对近顶端着丝点染色体;高粱8、9号品种各观察到1对随体染色体。染色体数量分析表明,第1到第10对染色体长短臂的绝对长度、相对长度以及绝对全长在苏丹草和高粱2类间的差异均不显著(P>0.05)。因此,苏丹草和高粱的遗传差异不在染色体长度上。     

高粱微卫星分析中遗传完整性样本量的确定

采用微卫星分析高粱不同样本量对遗传多样性指数的影响,从而确定最佳样本量,为遗传完整性研究奠定基础。试验设置了10个样本量梯度,对群体的等位基因数目、有效等位基因数目、香农指数、观察杂合度、预期杂合度、多态位点百分数和稀有等位基因频率的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明,10～40个样本量范围内,等位基因数目、有效等位基因数目、香农指数、多态位点百分数随着样本量的增大而增大;在40个样本量时,等位基因数目、有效等位基因数目和香农指数达到较高值,分别代表了100个群体98.5%的等位基因数、99.1%的有效等位基因数和98.5%的香农指数,之后样本量继续增加,各指标变化不显著。稀有等位基因频率在40个样本量以上,随着样本量的增加数值变化很小。以稀有等位基因频率、等位基因数、有效等位基因数和香农指数为多样性指标,在高粱遗传完整性研究中样本量大小的确定上达到一致性。因此,建议在用SSR技术对高粱进行遗传完整性分析时,样本量要选择40个单株以上。     

Evaluation of phenolics and antioxidant activity of black sorghum hybrids

Black sorghums possess very high levels of the rare 3-deoxyanthocyanidins which can be used as natural food colorants with health benefits. However, these sorghum genotypes have undesirable agronomic properties (i.e. high height, low yield, increased weathering). Black sorghum hybrids with improved agronomic properties were developed and their phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity were compared with black sorghum lines. Black sorghum hybrids were significantly lighter in colour than the lines (P < 0.001). All hybrids had a pigmented testa which was indicated by the presence of condensed tannins, which significantly increased total phenol levels and antioxidant activity. The 3-deoxyanthocyanidin, flavan-4-ol, and flavone levels were significantly lower in the hybrids (P < 0.001) and were strongly correlated to pericarp colour (P < 0.001). Flavanone levels were not significantly different among the lines and hybrids (P > 0.05) and pericarp colour did not affect their levels (P > 0.05). Even though the 3-deoxyanthocyanidin levels were lower in black sorghum hybrids than in the lines, the presence of condensed tannins in the hybrids significantly increased their antioxidant activity. Since 3-deoxyanthocanidin levels were dependent on pericarp colour, hybrids with increased blackness intensity should be developed to increase the stable 3-deoxyanthocyanidins.     

Evaluation of performance of sorghum varieties grown in Tokyo for sugar accumulation and its correlation with vacuolar invertase genes SbInv1 and SbInv2

ABSTRACT

The sugar-accumulating potential of global and local sweet and grain sorghum varieties were tested under the local conditions. The basis for this study was the dependency of sugar accumulation on temperature and photoperiod. Thus, the efficacy of cultivars as a bioenergy source would need to be determined based on their performance under the local environmental conditions. A strong correlation of sucrose content with brix was observed, enabling large-scale screening of varieties for high sucrose content. The morphological characteristics inherent in sweet sorghum, such as tall stems, greater number of leaves and a longer vegetative period, were found to correlate with the total stem sugar content. Assessment of sugars along the stem revealed maximum sugar accumulation in the upper intermediate to upper internodes in most of the varieties tested. The maximum theoretical ethanol yield (MTEY), a function of brix and juice yield, was determined as a better indicator of testing the performance of a variety as a potential source of bioethanol, mainly due to a negative correlation of stem juiciness and sucrose content in the varieties tested. Further, the relative expression of vacuolar invertase genes, SbINV1 and SbINV2, was studied, and a strong negative correlation of SbINV2 to stem sucrose content was observed. This reveals a possibility of involvement of vacuolar invertase gene, SbINV2, in sugar accumulation in sweet sorghum stems, and as a key candidate for molecular breeding studies for higher stem sugar content.     

Effects of Physiological Status of Parent Plants and Culture Medium Composition on the Anther Culture of Sorghum

Abstract

Anthers at various maturation stages were collected from seven genotypes of Sorghum bicolor, and cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg L^?1 2,4-D and 2.0 mg L^?1 kinetin. The rate of callus induction was high in young anthers, and decreased with maturation of the anther. Young anthers were collected from the plants grown in the greenhouse (greenhouse anthers), in the field (field anthers), and in the chambers kept at 20, 25 or 30 °C. Then they were cultured on MS medium containing 2.0 mg L^?1 kinetin, 1.0 mg L^?1 IAA and 2.5 mg L^?1 2,4-D, on which the rate of callus induction was the highest. The average callus-induction percentage was 6.4% in the field anthers, and 3.7% in the greenhouse anthers. Callus induction was low in the anthers collected from the plants grown at 30° C. Among the genotypes examined, TX403 produced calli at the highest frequency. The rate of plant regeneration from anther-calli was the highest on the medium containing 2.5 mg L^?1 kinetin and 3.0 mg L^?1 IAA. The regeneration rate of green plantlets on this medium was 27% on the average, and was 46.2 and 28.6% in PP290 and TX403, respectively. The chromosome number in root-tip cells was unstable, but was 20 in most of the regenerated plantlets.     

Modelling the β-amylase activity during red sorghum malting when Bacillus subtilis is used to control mould growth

Steeping in dilute alkaline (0.2% NaOH) followed by resteeping in biocontrol (starters of Bacillus subtilis S499) has been used during red sorghum malting. The effect of steeping and germination conditions has been described using 2 functions: a Weibull 4-parameter model combined with a General Linear Model with Logarithm Link with significant goodness. Steeping conditions (combined use of NaOH and B. subtilis S499) affects the synthesis capacity of grain: when B. subtilis culture used in the steeping step is diluted, ln α increases, suggesting a loss of treatment efficacy. The germination temperature affects the β-amylase synthesis rate during the induction phase: the germination temperature increase is accompanied by a decrease of the β-amylase synthesis rate. During the repression phase of β-amylase synthesis, the effect of malting conditions was found to taper.     

Hydraulic Resistance of Sorghum (C4) and Sunflower (C3)

Summary

It is well known that C4 crops have a lower water requirement than C3 crops. Reasons for the difference are not well understood. Therefore, hydraulic resistance of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (C4) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (C3) was determined to see if it might be one explanation for the lower water use of crops with the C4 photosynthetic pathway. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in pots with soil, which was well watered (soil matric potential of ～0 MPa) or allowed to dry (soil matric potential of ?0.038 MPa and ?0.065 MPa for sorghum and sunflower, respectively). Hydraulic resistance was calculated in two ways: (1) using the classic Ohm's law analogue, which assumes that the relation between flux (transpiration) and difference in water potentials of the soil and plant is linear and (2) using an equation that considers diurnal changes in leaf water content along with transpiration and difference in water potentials. Because change in leaf-water content during a day was small, hydraulic resistances calculated by the two methods resulted in similar values. Sorghum had a linear relationship between flux and difference in potentials (constant hydraulic resistance), but sunflower had a nonlinear one (variable hydraulic resistance). The hydraulic resistance of watered sunflower increased only slightly during a day and averaged about 40 MPa m² s mol^?1, which was 3.5 times less than that of watered or water-stressed sorghum (-140 MPa m² s mol^?1). The hydraulic resistance of water-stressed sunflower increased steeply during a day and by the end of the day it had a hydraulic resistance that approached that of sorghum.