高粱生育期的遗传分析

采用世代平均数分析的多元回归法对中国高粱生育期进行了遗传分析,同时研讨了杂种F#-1代生育期的表现及其原因。结果表明,中国高粱相互杂交,杂种F#-1代生育期略倾向早熟亲本,但基本上没有超亲现象。双亲生育期的表现制约着F#-1代的表现。中国高粱生育期加性效应占绝对优势,是杂种后代决定于双亲的主要因素。同时生育期减效基因略占优势,具有负的显性效应,使杂种F#-1代表现为早熟。这是长期驯化选择保留了早熟性基因的结果。显性效应及上位性效应在某些组合显著存在,不可忽略;上位性效应显得更加重要些。     

高粱育种中穗粒数作用的研究

通过对高粱17个性状的分析表明,穗粒数和穗粒重有着高度的表型和遗传相关关系。通径分析结果显示出稳粒数对穗粒重的直接效应值最大,而且其他原因性状通过穗粒数对穗粒重的间接效应都位居第一;其次为千粒重对产量的直接效应。因此,在保持一定千粒重的基础上,应加强对穗粒数性状的选择,把增加穗粒数作为今后高粱高产育种的一个主攻方向。     

Nitrogen uptake of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) from tree mulch and mineral fertilizer under high leaching conditions estimated by nitrogen-15 enrichment

 The effects of applying either inorganic fertilizer or leaf mulch of Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wend. on yields of Sorghum bicolor (L.) were compared with an unfertilized control under the high leaching conditions of runoff irrigation in a dry tropical environment. The N use efficiency and transfer from ¹⁵N-labelled (NH₄)₂SO₄ or acacia leaves to the sorghum differed in quantity and quality. Only 6% of the applied mulch N was retrieved in the crop, in contrast to 21% of the fertilizer N. The proportions of N in the crop derived from the fertilizers were small, amounting to 7% and 28%, respectively, in the mineral fertilizer and mulch treatments. However, the application of inorganic fertilizer and mulch significantly increased crop grain yield (P<0.05 and P<0.1, respectively), biomass production and foliar N contents (P<0.05). The inorganic fertilizer improved crop yields to a larger extent than mulching. At the same time, more N was lost by applying (NH₄)₂ SO₄ than leaf mulch: only 37% of the N of applied (NH₄)₂ SO₄ was found in the crop and the soil (0–0.3 m), but 99% of the mulched N. High NO₃ ^– contents in the topsoil of the inorganic fertilized sorghum treatments indicated the risk of N leaching. However, more important may have been gaseous N losses of surface-applied NH₄ ⁺. From a nutrient conservation point of view, mulches should be given preferance to inorganic fertilizers under high soil pH and leaching conditions, but larger improvements of crop yields could be achieved with mineral fertilizers. Received: 29 July 1998     

高粱—苏丹草杂交种的应用可行性研究及其选育

利用生产上推广的６个粒用高粱杂交种和４个高粱杂交种为对照,与随机组配的１５个高粱－苏丹草杂交种进行比较。结果表明,高粱－苏丹草杂交种做饲用生产能力上仅次于甜高粱杂交种,但在早熟优质等若干特性上优于甜高粱,有些组合还高于甜高粱杂交种的生产能力。该类型杂交种干物质及绿色体的日生产能力高于甜杂２号２１．１％和４１．２％,原因是杂最高。     

Comparative efficiency of acid phosphatase originated from plant and fungal sources

A study was conducted to demonstrate the comparative efficiency of acid phosphatase generated by plants or fungi towards the hydrolysis of different organic P compounds present in soil. The results revealed that acid phosphatases were most efficient in the hydrolysis of glycerophosphate followed by lecithin and phytin. The P release increased with increase in enzyme concentration. Acid phosphatase generated from fungal sources showed three times greater efficiency in the hydrolysis of phytin, two times greater efficiency in hydrolysis of lecithin than plant phosphatase. Both sources were at par in hydrolyzing glycerophosphate. The results suggest that acid phosphatase generated from plant and fungal sources is different and microbial acid phosphatase to be more efficient than that from plant sources.     

干旱胁迫与复水条件下高梁、玉米苗期渗透调节及抗氧化比较研究

盆栽试验结果表明，高梁和玉米2种作物均存在渗透调节和抗氧化耐旱途径。高梁耐旱性较强，干旱条件下叶片相对含水量较高，水势亦较大。高梁以可溶性糖和蛋白质为主要渗透调节物质，以过氧化氢酶（CAT）为主要抗氧化酶。玉米以K^＋和脯氨酸为主要渗透调节物质，以超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）为主要抗氧化酶。     

种植密度与行距对秋闲田饲用甜高粱草产量的影响

为了秋闲田饲用甜高粱丰产丰收,探索其高产栽培技术。采用列区试验设计与软件IBM.SPSS.Statistics.v22 的LSD法,对秋闲田饲用甜高粱的种植密度与播种行距进行了单株生产力及其草产量的比较试验。结果表明：种植密度与行距对秋闲田饲用甜高粱单株生产力、草产量均具有重要影响。明确了秋闲田饲用甜高粱高产配套栽培技术的优化组合：单株生产力最大的优化组合为A1B4,即种植密度为7.50 万株/hm2 与播种行距为40 cm 的配置;获得最高产量的优化组合为A2B4,即种植密度为22.50 万株/hm2与播种行距为40 cm的配置。研究结果为秋闲田种植饲用甜高粱的生产实践提了供理论依据和技术支撑。     

高粱幼叶细胞悬浮系的建立

以高粱无菌苗幼叶为试验材料,对颗粒状胚性愈伤组织的获得、细胞悬浮系的建立及影响悬浮细胞生长的主要因素进行了研究。结果表明：幼叶在MS（Murashige and Skoog）+2mg/L 2,4-D培养基上诱导出的愈伤组织,经2~3次继代筛选后获得了浅黄色、颗粒状胚性愈伤组织;胚性愈伤组织接种于液体培养基中,于25±1℃、黑暗条件下,经45~60d的悬浮震荡培养建立了高质量的细胞悬浮系,细胞生长曲线呈“S”型,细胞密度可达6.45×10 ⁵~5.08×10 ⁶个/mL以上,活细胞率可达72.76%,近圆细胞率可达87.50%;培养基的基本成分、激素种类和水平对悬浮细胞生长状态有很大的影响,相比1/2MS培养基,MS培养基为适宜的培养基,2,4-D对保持细胞系的稳定增殖至关重要,适宜的浓度为1mg/L;培养液中加入0.5mg/L KT或6-BA会造成悬浮液褐化,影响悬浮细胞的生长;最适宜的细胞悬浮培养基为L2培养基（MS+1mg/L 2,4-D,30g/L蔗糖,pH5.8）,震荡培养转速为110~120r/min,继代周期为7d,新旧培养基的接种比例为2∶1。     

农杆菌介导高粱遗传转化的相关因素优化

为建立一个稳定的高粱遗传转化体系,以高粱RHMC品种为试验材料,采用内含有P ^CAMBIA3301质粒载体的根癌农杆菌EHA105介导的方法研究了高粱遗传转化的相关因素。结果表明,外植体预培养2d,GUS表达效果最好;在侵染液和共培养基中加入200μmol/L乙酰丁香酮时,GUS表达效果最好;侵染液浓度OD₆₀₀值的适宜范围为0.8~1.0;农杆菌侵染愈伤组织的适宜时间为5~10min;共培养的适宜时间为2d。初步建立了一套高粱遗传转化体系,为今后高粱转化提供一些参考。     

种植密度对适宜机械化栽培高粱品种产量及生理特性的影响

以适宜机械化种植的高粱品种辽杂37和晋杂34为试验材料,分别对6个密度处理的产量、产量构成因素、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、光合速率及群体透光率进行了测定与分析。结果表明：辽杂37和晋杂34均在密度为13.5万株/hm ²时产量最高,分别可达10 551.0和10 324.5kg/hm ²。其中辽杂37在12.0万~15.0万株/hm ²、晋杂34在12.0万~13.5万株/hm ²密度时穗数、穗粒数和穗粒重协调效果较好,可保持较高产量水平。当密度达到15.0万株/hm ²时,随着密度的继续增加将导致群体光合速率和透光率大幅度下降,影响干物质积累和产量形成。