Plot-scale manipulations of organic matter inputs to soils correlate with shifts in microbial community composition in a lowland tropical rain forest

Little is known about the organisms responsible for decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, or how variations in their relative abundance may influence soil carbon (C) cycling. Here, we altered organic matter in situ by manipulating both litter and throughfall inputs to tropical rain forest soils, and then used qPCR and error-corrected bar-coded pyrosequencing to investigate how the resulting changes in soil chemical properties affected microbial community structure. The plot-scale manipulations drove significant changes in microbial community composition: Acidobacteria were present in greater relative abundance in litter removal plots than in double-litter plots, while Alphaproteobacteria were found in higher relative abundance in double-litter and throughfall reduction plots than in control or litter removal plots. In addition, the bacterial:archaeal ratio was higher in double-litter than no-litter plots. The relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were positively correlated with microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N), and soil N and C pools, while acidobacterial relative abundance was negatively correlated with these same factors. Bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively correlated with soil moisture, total soil C and N, extractable ammonium pools, and soil C:N ratios. Additionally, bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively related to the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and negatively correlated to the relative abundance of Nitrospira and Acidobacteria. Together, our results support the copiotrophic/oligotrophic model of soil heterotrophic microbes suggested by Fierer et al. (2007).     

Progress and Yield Bottleneck of Aerobic Rice in the North China Plain: A Case Study of Varieties Handao 297 and Handao 502

Aerobic rice has been considered a promising rice cultivation system as water scarcity is increasing in the world. This article summarizes the advances in aerobic rice management researches in the North China Plain, focusing on yield formation and its bottleneck. High-yielding and good-quality aerobic rice varieties adapted to aerobic soil conditions have been released officially and adopted by farmers in North China. The varieties Handao 502 and Handao 297 have been recognized as the most promising varieties reaching a yield level ranging 3.5-5.0 t ha-1 with 450-650 mm water input. Compared with lowland rice, water input in aerobic rice was more than 50% lower, and water productivity was 60% higher. Researches on responses of rice cultivars to nitrate nitrogen （N） and ammonium N supplied at early growth stages provided the first evidence for a preference of aerobic rice HD297 for nitrate N supply, compared with the lowland rice variety. Zinc uptake studies demonstrated that introduction of aerobic rice system on calcareous soils may increase zinc deficiency problems. Sink size was identified as the limitation of aerobic rice yield, because its spikelet number m-2 was too low （20000-24 000） compared with the lowland rice. For future research, more attention is suggested to be paid to yield formation focusing on effects of water regimes on tiller dynamics. Understanding of nutrient uptake and response to fertilization effects are also urgently required to establish optimized crop management technology. Additionally, alternative cropping systems based on aerobic rice should be established, and key sustainability and environmental impact issues in the systems need to be identified.     

关于哈尔滨机场高速公路设计中几个问题的探讨

本文通过哈尔滨机场高速公路测设中所遇到的平面线形、纵断面设计、排水以及旧路利用等问题 ,提出了在测设中的解决方法 ,为以后的设计提供了有益依据。     

海河低平原深松播种对夏玉米根系生理的影响及其节水增产效应

于2012—2013年在河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所深州试验站,以郑单958为供试品种,设置夏玉米深松播种和免耕播种两个处理,从玉米出苗开始,根据生育进程定期观察玉米根系形态、生理指标及微观结构、玉米冠层光合特性和叶面积指数,成熟期测定产量,计算水分利用效率和2 m土体水分储蓄情况。结果表明,0~60 cm土层,深松播种处理可提高玉米根系干物质积累、表面积、根长和活跃吸收面积比例,全生育期分别比免耕播种处理提高30.5%、24.6%、29.7%和56.3%。0~60 cm土层,深松播种处理玉米根系脯氨酸含量、硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力分别比免耕处理高140.0%、37.0%和36.5%。全生育期,深松播种处理根系伤流液总量比免耕播种处理提高15.2%。0~40cm土层,深松播种处理单根和整株根系导水率分别提高15.8%和17.0%。0~40 cm土层,深松播种处理玉米根系中柱导管直径增大,中柱鞘细胞壁及中柱内薄壁细胞的细胞壁增厚栓化,髓细胞数量增多但整体在髓腔横切面积中所占比例偏小,后生木质部导管直径增大、数量增多,皮层厚度降低;0~20 cm土层,深松播种处理根系皮层中部细胞虽也较大但层数较少,相当于免耕处理的86.2%。深松播种处理可提高玉米叶面积指数,全生育期平均比免耕处理高12.5%;深松播种处理还可提高叶片光合速率和光合势。深松播种处理玉米籽粒灌浆速率全生育期平均比免耕播种处理高5.0%。与免耕处理相比,深松播种处理2年平均穗粒数、千粒重和产量分别比免耕播种处理提高2.4%、3.9%和8.2%,耗水量降低9.1%,产量和水分利用效率分别比免耕处理高8.2%和14.4%,2 m土体贮水量提高31.7%。     

内蒙古河套灌区有效灌溉及盐碱控制的战略思考

位于中国干旱地区的河套平原,有着得天独厚的自然条件,在我国农业生产上占有重要的地位。但是这里没有灌溉就没有农业。长期过量灌溉引起了该地区土地的盐碱化。水资源短缺问题受到越来越广泛的关注,该地区引黄河水量将进一步削减,但另一方面随着社会和经济的发展,耕地面积将进一步扩大;农业节水和传统的用水洗盐方式是一对需要解决的矛盾。现代灌溉技术如喷灌、滴灌、微灌等无论是在技术上还是在经济上都很难在这里得到应用,地面灌溉方式在近期内仍将是主要的灌溉方式。合理的灌溉方式和地下水位的有效控制将是解决问题的     

投影寻踪技术在松嫩平原西部水资源可持续利用中的应用

根据松嫩平原西部水资源复合系统的特征和水资源条件,建立了区域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系。应用投影寻踪技术,采用实码遗传算法优化投影指标函数,将方案多维评价指标值综合为一维投影值,根据投影值的大小实现方案的优选。研究表明,投影寻踪技术可以有效地解决权重的人为干扰,通过优化排序实现对评价结果的定量化表征。     

复垦对三江平原土壤环境的影响

Soil environment in Sanjiang Plain has changed greatly because of the reclamation on a large scale The physical and chemical properties of soil have changed ,and soil erosion,soil saline-alkaliztion and soil pollu-tion occurred in some areas ,Thes Problems have obstructed the sustainable development of agriculture.For the sustainable use of soils in Sanjing Plain,in this paper we raise som suggestions and countermasures which might be refereces for experts and departments concerned.     

华北平原大气降水对土壤淋洗脱盐的影响

华北平原属季节性干旱半湿润太平洋季风气候区,降水量500-600 mm,年际和年内降水分布不均,旱涝盐碱灾害并存,成为农业生产可持续发展的主要制约因素。降水量74%集中在雨季,对土壤发生淋洗脱盐作用。一般在雨季7-8月份降水量超过300 mm,土体表现为脱盐。次降水量超过25 mm,根层土壤发生淋洗脱盐。海河平原自1964年逐年开挖骨干排水河道,使海河五大河流水系都有了自己的入海尾闾, 在排洪排涝的同时也排走了大量的盐分。20世纪60年代末,开始大规模开发利用地下水,井灌的同时降低了地下水位,起到井排作用,减少了潜水蒸发,增大了降雨入渗,加强了降雨淋洗脱盐作用,并引河水回灌补源,淡化了地下水。华北平原控制了灌区土壤次生盐碱化,而且大面积盐碱地得到改良。     

Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and denitrification potential in contrasting lowland rain forest types in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Nitrogen mineralization and denitrification potential in litter were measured during a dry and a wet period in a Bornean Lowland Evergreen Rain Forest (LERF) and two nearby Heath Forests (HF) of contrasting stature. Nitrification was very low or non-existent in all forest types and ammonification was the major constituent of nitrogen (N) mineralization. Rates of net N mineralization in the HFs on infertile sandy soils were lower than in the LERF on a more nutrient-rich clay soil or other LERFs, both during dry and wet conditions. We attribute the differences to the lower litter quality in the HFs compared to LERF. When dissolved organic nitrogen (DON-N) was included, N uptake was the same (15-17 μg g⁻¹ d⁻¹) in all three forest types. We conclude that N availability is the same in all three forest types and that N deficiency is not the reason for the reduced stature of Heath Forests compared to LERF. All three-forest types had denitrifiers present in the ectorganic layers but denitrification will only play a minor role in the N-cycle as nitrification rates were very low.     

基于遥感的华北平原农作物时空分布变化特征分析

作物种植面积的多年时空变化是进行农业结构调整和优化的基础,也是开展农业减灾、地下水保护的重要依据。为了解华北平原主要作物近年来种植面积的时空变化过程,本文基于2000—2013年的MODIS NDVI数据和TM/ETM遥感数据提取当地主要作物的种植面积,并分析了华北平原主要作物近年来的时空变化特征。结果表明:1基于MODIS NDVI数据和TM/ETM遥感数据提取当地主要作物的种植面积,提取精度较高,结果可靠;2冬小麦?夏玉米主要分布于太行山前平原、山东省和河南省的引黄河灌区,单季玉米在河北平原北部分布最广,水稻集中分布于天津、河北唐山地区和黄河沿岸,蔬菜主要分布在城市郊区,林果分散分布于几个产果区和京津周边地区,棉花主要集中于华北平原中部地区。3华北平原粮食作物(小麦、玉米和水稻)种植面积明显下降,经济作物(林果和蔬菜)则显著增加,其中林果、蔬菜和水稻的面积变化率较大,分别为56.45%、35.76%和23.16%,蔬菜和水稻的位置转移明显。4景观格局AWMPFD和SHEI指数值表明,河北平原以南的冬小麦?夏玉米种植规模化程度提高,豫北地区冬小麦?夏玉米种植面积增加,豫北以北地区由于各类经济作物种植面积增加,区域作物种植多样化指数增加。该结果可为农业种植结构调整、资源合理利用提供参考。