微耕机耕深辅助控制系统的设计和试验研究

在农业生产中,耕深的稳定性是评价耕作质量的重要指标。为此,结合目前微耕机耕深不稳定的现状,设计了一种耕深辅助控制系统,主要用于辅助控制微耕机的耕作深度,提高微耕机的耕作质量。该系统主要由耕深检测装置、控制装置、执行装置和显示界面组成。检测装置用来间接检测耕深,控制单元对检测到的信号进行分析后控制电机转动,从而间接控制耕深调节阻力杆的上下移动,以实现耕深辅助调节。显示模块用于显示实时耕深,为操作人员提供参考。田间试验结果表明:耕深稳定在120~130mm时的耕深稳定性变异系数为5.82%,满足农艺要求。所提出的耕深测量方法、辅助控制执行装置和显示界面对微耕机设计具有一定的参考意义。     

东北黑土区典型坡面耕作侵蚀定量分析

东北黑土区水土流失主要集中在坡耕地,以往研究多关注水蚀而忽略了耕作侵蚀的存在。为印证并定量描述黑土耕作侵蚀,该文采用物理示踪法,测定了典型坡耕地耕作位移量及其分布格局。结果表明:铧式犁耕作后示踪剂沿耕作方向发生扩散,上坡耕作示踪剂集中分布在0~20 cm范围,而下坡耕作示踪剂集中分布在0~20和50~150 cm。一次耕作引起的耕作位移量为32.68~134.14 kg/m,耕作迁移系数234 kg/m。坡度是影响耕作位移的重要因素,二者呈显著的正相关关系,且对上坡耕作的影响大于下坡耕作。研究区耕作年侵蚀速率0.4~11.0 Mg/(hm2·a),凸起的坡背、坡肩处及坡度较大的位置侵蚀严重。虽然黑土区坡度较小,但由于耕作深度大,速度快,耕作侵蚀严重,应引起足够重视。     

Implication of Tillage and Soil Mineralogy on the Setting and Sieving Efficiency of FTLHV–0200 Filtra Electromagnetic Sieve Shaker

Soil sieving is an essential laboratory procedure in every soil investigation. Soil tillage and mineralogy are critical factors to soil mechanical properties. The implication of tillage and mineralogy on the settings and sieving efficiency of FTLHV–0200 filtra electromagnetic sieve shaker was studied in soils of 13 ecotopes in Eastern Cape Province. The sieve shaker had T = time, I = interval, and P = power settings. The tillage systems were conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT), while the soil mineralogy was mainly quartz and kaolinite. After sieving, 72% of the aggregates were retained on the 2 mm sieve for soils under CT and 69% were retained on the 2 mm sieve for soils under NT. Soils under NT required sieving for at least 5 min to be broken into particle sizes, while soils under CT required at least 35 min. The setting T4I4P4 (time = 35 min, sieving interval = 9 s, and power level = 9) significantly (p ≤ 5%) affected the percentage of aggregates passing through the stack for all the soils irrespective of mineralogy. Quartz-dominated soils required a sieving time of 15 min to disintegrate, while kaolinite-dominated soils required a sieving time of more than 35 min. Sieving efficiency for aggregate analysis was achieved at T4I4P4 setting for soils under CT and at T2I4P3 (time = 5 min, interval = 9 s, power level = 6) setting for soils under NT. While sieving efficiency was achieved at T3I4P3 (time = 15 min, interval = 9 s, power level = 6) setting for quartz-dominated soils and at T4I4P3 (time = 35 min, interval = 9 s, power level = 6) setting for kaolinite-dominated soils.     

耕作侵蚀对紫色土坡耕地土壤容重和有机质二维分布的影响

为了研究耕作侵蚀对坡耕地土壤容重、有机质以及两者相互关系的影响,选择四川盆地中部的简阳县的坡耕地作为研究对象,采用模拟耕作的方法,通过对比模拟耕作前与5次、20次模拟耕作之后的土壤容重、有机质的水平以及垂直变化与分布规律,并探讨耕作侵蚀对两者关系变化的影响规律。研究结果表明:由于耕作侵蚀的搬运作用,5次和20次耕作之后坡顶位置的表层土壤被不断搬运至下坡位置,从而导致坡顶表层土壤容重增加;并且耕作过程中锄头的翻转作用改变了土壤容重在垂直方向的分布。耕作前土壤有机质在各坡面位置的垂直分布可用对数方程描述,然而5次和20次耕作之后其两者之间没有显示任何关系。耕作前土壤有机质含量与土壤容重呈现显著的负相关关系,5次和20次耕作之后,土壤有机质和土壤容重之间无相关关系。因此,耕作侵蚀改变土壤有机质和容重在水平和垂直方向的分布并且改变有机质和容重之间的关系。     

不同耕作措施对黑土碳排放和活性碳库的影响

农田耕地土壤碳的动态变化是陆地生态系统碳循环的研究热点,明确人为干预下土壤碳固定及排放的主导途径和因素,可以为制定农田固碳减排管理措施提供理论基础。为探究不同耕作措施下农田土壤碳循环特征,在东北典型黑土区黑龙江省青冈县设置不同耕作措施和秸秆还田方式的玉米种植田间试验,包括深松25 cm(T1),深松25 cm+秸秆粉碎还田(T2),深松35 cm(T3),深松35 cm+秸秆粉碎还田(T4),深松35 cm+秸秆粉碎覆盖还田(T5);对5种处理下土壤呼吸速率及碳累积排放量、土壤活性有机碳库组分和作物产量进行了分析。结果表明,秸秆粉碎还田显著增加了土壤碳排放,并且秸秆粉碎翻埋还田在增加土壤有机碳库和提高作物产量方面的效果优于秸秆粉碎覆盖还田。     

深耕培肥改良瘠薄黑土理化性质及提高大豆产量的研究

为明确深耕培肥对瘠薄黑土的改土效果,采用大田对比方法,以依安地区黑土为供试土壤,开展深耕培肥对瘠薄黑土土壤理化性质影响及对大豆产量的调查研究。结果表明:深耕培肥可以有效降低10~30 cm土层土壤容重、硬度,提高土壤通气性,容重第1年和第2年分别下降0.09 g cm~(-3)和0.05 g cm~(-3),通气系数分别提高为34.01×10~(-5) cm s~(-1)和10.89×10~(-5) cm s~(-1),10 cm以下土层土壤硬度与对照相比呈明显下降趋势;同时,深耕培肥后20~30 cm土层有效磷含量显著提高,两年增加幅度为15.05~16.23 mg kg~(-1);深耕培肥可以提高土壤速效钾含量,增加幅度为10.19~10.38 mg kg~(-1);并且深耕培肥提高了大豆产量,两年平均提高大豆产量达9.61%。     

How do we cultivate in England? Tillage practices in crop production systems

Reducing tillage intensity offers the possibility of moving towards sustainable intensification objectives. Reduced tillage (RT) practices, where the plough is not used, can provide a number of environmental and financial benefits, particularly for soil erosion control. Based on 2010 harvest year data from the nationally stratified Farm Business Survey and drawing on a sub‐sample of 249 English arable farmers, we estimate that approximately 32% of arable land was established under RT, with 46% of farms using some form of RT. Farms more likely to use some form of RT were larger, located in the East Midlands and South East of England and classified as ‘Cereals’ farms. Application of RT techniques was not determined by the age or education level of the farmer. Individual crops impacted the choice of land preparation, with wheat and oilseed rape being more frequently planted after RT than field beans and root crops, which were almost always planted after ploughing. This result suggests there can be limitations to the applicability of RT. Average tillage depth was only slightly shallower for RT practices than ploughing, suggesting that the predominant RT practices are quite demanding in their energy use. Policy makers seeking to increase sustainable RT uptake will need to address farm‐level capital investment constraints and target policies on farms growing crops, such as wheat and oilseed rape, that are better suited to RT practices.     

Short-term responses of soil nutrients and corn yield to tillage and organic amendment

Field experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011 at the Agricultural College of Shiraz University to evaluate the effects of cattle manure and nitrogen (N) fertilizers on soil properties such as soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic nitrogen (SON), soil electrical conductivity, soil pH and corn yield under two tillage systems. Treatments included tillage systems in two levels as conventional tillage and reduced tillage as subplots, cattle manure (0, 25 and 50 tons ha^?1) and N fertilizer (0, 125 and 250 kg N ha^?1) as sub-subplots. Results showed that SOC and SON were significantly affected by tillage system in both years of the experiment. SOC and SON were higher in reduced tillage compared to conventional tillage. Tillage system had no significant effect on grain yield, plant height and 1000 seed weight. Increased cattle manure rates at 25 and 50 tons ha^?1 increased grain yield by 27% and 38%, respectively, in 2010 and 25% and 25% in 2011. The results showed that application of cattle manure combined with N fertilizer might be an efficient management to increase soil productivity in southern Iran, in soils with poor organic content. Additionally, reduced tillage showed to be an efficient method to increase soil organic matter.     

Evaluation of gas diffusivity models for no-tilled and tilled volcanic ash soils

Accurate quantification of soil gas diffusion is essential to understand the gas transport mechanism in soils, especially for soil greenhouse gas emissions. To date, the performance of soil gas diffusivity (D_p/D₀, where D_p is the soil gas diffusion coefficient and D₀ is the diffusion coefficient in free air) models has seldom been evaluated for no-tilled and tilled volcanic ash soils. In the present study, six commonly used models were evaluated for volcanic ash soils under two treatments by comparing the predicted and measured soil gas diffusivities at water potentials of pF 1.3–3. The Buckingham-Burdine-Campbell (BBC), soil-water-characteristic-dependent (SWC-dependent), and two-region extended Archie’s Law (2EAL) models showed better performance for both no-tilled and tilled volcanic ash soils, which is likely because porosity and pore size parameters of bimodal soils were taken into consideration in these models. Since the BBC model showed better accuracy than the SWC-dependent and 2EAL models and required fewer, more easily measurable parameters, this study recommends the BBC model for predicting soil gas diffusivity of volcanic ash soil under different tillage managements. In future studies, the BBC model should be further tested at water potentials of pF > 3, and may be improved by including the parameters of pore continuity and saturation.     

2种土壤磁性特征及其对磁性示踪实验的影响

通过磁性示踪耕作实验、土壤磁性背景值测定、土壤物理性质分析等方法研究了云南东川区蒋家沟流域2种土壤类型的磁性特征,并探讨了土壤磁性对耕作侵蚀磁性示踪实验的影响。结果表明:(1)砾石土磁性随粘粒和粉粒含量增加而明显增强(r=0.58,p0.05;r=0.67,p0.05),随砂粒增加而明显减弱(r=-0.71,p0.05);黄棕壤粘土因受磁性矿物影响大,随土壤中砂粒含量增加而增强,砾石土磁性随土壤含水量增加而明显减小(r=-0.68,p0.05)。(2)因受土壤侵蚀的影响,砾石土的磁性与坡度呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.701,p0.05),即随坡度增大而明显减小。(3)土壤成土背景差异导致2种土壤磁性存在明显差异,即黄棕壤粘土的磁性(1 451×10-5SI)是砾石土磁性(53×10-5SI)的27倍。在耕作侵蚀的磁性示踪实验中,磁性背景值低的砾石土比磁性强的黄棕壤粘土有更好的磁性敏感性,更能准确反映耕作侵蚀位移。当混入磁性示踪剂的土壤磁性是土壤磁性背景值的30倍时,耕作侵蚀磁性示踪实验较为准确和可靠,以此作参考,不同磁性的土壤可以确定一个科学的磁性示踪剂用量。