Effect of dietary lipid level on muscle composition in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding increasing lipid concentrations (310, 380 and 470 g kg^–1 lipid on dry weight) in diets based mainly on herring byproducts to Atlantic salmon Salmo salar . The diets were isonitrogenous, varying in dietary lipid content at the expense dietary starch. Average fish weight increased from 1.2 kg in April to 2.2–2.7 kg at the end of the feeding trial in September. Significantly greater growth was found in fish fed either the 380 g kg⁻¹ or the 470 g kg⁻¹ lipid diets compared with the 310 g kg⁻¹ lipid diet. Muscle lipid content increased in all dietary groups on a wet weight basis from 7.7 ± 1.4% to 12 ± 3% in salmon fed the 310 g kg⁻¹ lipid diet, and to 16 ± 2% in salmon fed the 380 g kg⁻¹ and 470 g kg⁻¹ lipid diets. In fish of similar weight there was a positive correlation between dietary lipid and muscle lipid concentrations. Low concentrations of muscle glycogen were detected in fish fed each of the diets, while muscle vitamin E concentrations slowly decreased as muscle lipid increased. Muscle fatty acid composition reflected dietary fatty acid profiles, containing similar percentages of total saturated, monoenic and n-3 fatty acids (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) in fish from all dietary treatment groups. However, a higher ratio of n-3/n-6 was found in muscle from fish fed the 470 g kg⁻¹ lipid diet compared with the other two groups. Blood chemistry values varied somewhat, but all values were within normal ranges for Atlantic salmon of these sizes.     

Utilization of wastewater-grown zooplankton: Nutritional quality of zooplankton and performance of silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell 1838) (Teraponidae) fed on wastewater-grown zooplankton

Zooplankton grow in the last stage of water purification at the Werribee Sewage Treatment Lagoons (WSTL) and the resource is huge and unutilized. Daphnia carinata and Moina australiensis are the dominant species at the WSTL. The protein content of D. carinata and M. australiensis was 54.80% and 64.80%, respectively. Analysis of zooplankton showed that both essential and nonessential amino acids were present at a level that was higher than control diet. Silver perch fed on D. carinata exhibited better growth, better food conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU), which were not significantly different from the control diet ( P  > 0.05). Heavy metals concentrations were at very low levels in fish fed on wastewater-grown zooplankton.     

天津市化肥投入对粮食增产的效益分析及对策

本文通过对化肥投入与粮食产量之间关系的研究,分析了化肥效益下降的原因,认为要全面提高化肥的综合效益,必须调整化肥投入结构;增加化肥投入的科技含量,提高化肥利用率;重视有机肥投入,实行有机无机相结合;调控化肥区域投入量,提高化肥投入的边际效益;研究开发推广应用化肥新品种;寻求多种现代生产要素投入的最佳组合。     

中国名茶──信阳毛尖

信阳毛尖是我国传统名茶之一,也是河南省的著名土特产之一。对其生产历史、产地、品质特征、原料要求、炒制工艺、内含化学成分进行了全面介绍。     

日本结缕草草坪中杂草的发生与防治研究

经１９９５ ～１９９８ 年对日本结缕草草坪中杂草发生规律及其防治体系进行了初步研究,研究结果表明,一年四季草坪中均有杂草发生,但主要以２ ～６ 月和９ ～１２ 月为主,并根据杂草的发生情况,建立了以化学除草为主的防除体系,提出了适宜的除草剂种类、剂量以及用药时间和方式。     

Effects of infestation on the nutrient content and physiocochemical properties of two cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata) varieties

Two cowpea varieties (Ife-brown and Kano-white varieties) were used for the study. The effects of insect infestation on the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of these cowpea seeds were studied. The proximate composition, mineral content, total starch, total soluble sugars, bulk density, fat and water absorption capacities, viscosity, gelation capacity and emulsion properties of infested cowpea varieties were compared with those of uninfested cowpeas. Effects of infestation on nitrogen solubulity and on the protein fractions were also determined. lnfestation depleted the protein, starch and soluble sugar contents of cowpeas. Oil and water absorption capacities were increased while emulsification, foam and viscosity properties were reduced. The nitrogen solubility pattern was altered. Uninfested Kano-white cowpeas (UKW) possessed better foam properties than uninfested Ife-brown cowpeas (UFB). On the other hand, UFB had better emulsification properties than UKW.     

Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Gonad Maturation, Size and Age at First Maturity, Fecundity and Growth of Nile Tilapia

Six-week-old Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry with an average weight (SD) of 0.51(0.2) g were reared for 140 days on five formulated, isocaloric diets of different protein levels (25, 30, 40 and 45% by dry weight). Fish fed diets of higher protein levels (40 and 45%) showed better growth and feed conversion ratio than those on lower protein levels. Fast-growing fish matured earlier. Maturation rate was affected by the dietary protein levels. Males matured earlier than females: the first mature males were recorded when they were 14 weeks old, whereas the females matured after 18 weeks. In both sexes, mean percentage of mature fish rose with increasing dietary protein level, the percentage of mature males being higher than that of the females. Similarly, the percentage of mature fish rose with the increasing age of fish, with more than 50% males and females mature at the age of 22 and 24 weeks, respectively, the exception being the 25% protein diet fed fish, where the percentage of mature fish was below 50%. In all treatments, spawning was initiated when the fish were 22 weeks old. Smallest size at spawning of males and females was 9.2 cm (13.1 g) and 8.1 cm (8.9 g), respectively, and dietary protein levels influenced the size of fish at first maturity. For both sexes, no difference was found in the gonado-somatic index (GSI) among different treatments. Fecundity increased with increasing dietary protein levels, but significant differences were found only between 40–45% and 25–35% dietary protein levels. The relative fecundity (eggs g^–1 female) was higher at the lower dietary protein levels (25–35%) than at the higher dietary protein levels (40–45%). The dietary protein levels did not have any significant influence on the size and weight of mature eggs. The chemical composition of fish and mature ovaries was significantly influenced by the dietary protein level.     

关中西部麦田杂草分布及危害损失

调查结果表明,陕西省关中西部麦田杂草主要有２２种,分属１０科２２属,危害严重的有１０种。６个生态区杂草种类,优势组合分布特点有一定差异,尤以地灌区与塬区旱地存在较大差异。影响杂草分布的因素 地理条件外,还有人为传播,耕作栽培,降雨量,化学除措等。     

增密、少耕与化控耦合对玉米产量及光合特性的影响

利用长期定位试验,设置密度(D₁：60 000株/hm²,D₂：90 000株/hm²)、耕法(T₁：少耕,T₂：常规耕作)与化控(R₁：喷化控剂,R₂：喷清水)三因素试验,分析不同处理玉米产量及其形成过程和冠层光合特性。结果表明,D₁条件下,T₁R₁处理子粒产量、穗粒数较T₂R₂处理显著增加27%～40.5%、19.6%～27.3%;D₂条件下,T₁R₁处理子粒产量、穗粒数较T₂R₂处理显著增加22.9%～24.9%、14%～21.3%。少耕和化控处理显著影响植株冠层结构,降低了玉米的植株高度、穗位系数、上部叶片的叶面积,提高了植株上层和中层叶向值及上部冠层的透光率;少耕和化控处理提高了叶片单位面积光能的吸收(ABS/CS0)、捕获(TR0/CS0),在高密度条件下表现明显差异。综上,在密植条件下,少耕和化控耦合优化了玉米密植群体冠层结构,增强了对光能的截获、吸收与传递能力,最终显著增加子粒产量。     

A meta‐analysis of the effects of dietary marine oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth,feed conversion and muscle fatty acid composition of fish species

The effects of the replacement of marine oils (MO) with canola oil (CO), linseed oil (LO) and soybean oil (SO) on growth, feed conversion and major muscle fatty acid (FA) classes were quantified using a meta‐analysis of published results. There was an absence of relationships between levels of MO replaced and effect sizes for all outcomes. High heterogeneity when combining effects sizes according to fixed effects models imposed the stratification of values in MO replacement categories and the use of random effect models to calculate the summary statistics. Limited values at 50% and 60% hampered clear tendencies when compared to 100% MO replacement. A medium mean effect size (?0.3773, 95% confidence intervals = ?0.7325 to ?0.0222, n = 22) for growth was obtained when replacing all MO with CO, whereas LO (?1.5609, 95% confidence intervals = ?2.3584 to ?0.7633, n = 19) and SO (?1.0589, 95% confidence intervals = ?1.7197 to ?0.3980, n = 22) resulted in high negative effect sizes. This study quantified the extent of differences in production parameters caused by dietary MO replacement with VO and could serve as reference for future experimental studies.