天然食品抗氧剂与人的营养和健康

流行病学的调查表明，长期困扰着人类的几种疾病都与饮食习惯有关，其内在的原因是生物氧化过程中生成的某些自由基对生命物质产生破坏作用。抗氧剂的主要生物生物学功能是防止自由基对细胞及细胞组分的损伤。目前几乎所有被证实对特定疾病有防治用的营养组分都具有抗氧活性。本文综述了几种天然食品抗氧剂的营养价值及其对健康的影响，这是有关食品抗氧剂应用价值的新观点。     

Three new homoisoflavanones from the bulbs of Ledebouria floribunda

Three new homoisoflavanones, namely ledebourin A (1), ledebourin B (2) and ledebourin C (3) were isolated from the bulbs of Ledebouria floribunda. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detail spectroscopic analyses. This is the first report of this type of homoisoflavanones. Ledebourin B (2) and ledebourin C (3) exhibited potent antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging compared to the positive controls, the well-known antioxidant BHT and BHA.     

Methyl Jasmonate Counteract UV-B Stress in Barley Seedlings

The role of exogenously applied phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in counteracting the ultraviolet B (UV‐B) stress in barley seedlings was investigated. Barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Alfa) 4 days old were supplied with 5 × 10^?5 m MeJA through the roots for 3 days and then exposed for 2 days for 5 h per day to UV‐B (312 nm, biological effectiveness of UV‐B radiation 28.8 kJ m^?2day^?1). The rate of ¹⁴CO₂ fixation, PSI and PSII activities and chlorophyll content decreased, but flavonoids, H₂O₂, malondialdehyde, proline and UV‐B induced compounds increased after UV‐B treatment. The rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution was more strongly inhibited by UV‐B‐irradiation than PSI and PSII efficiency. MeJA itself increased the content of free proline, which acts as a stress protector due to its radical scavenging ability. Increased superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase (POX) activities in the leaves and in the roots and the POX isoforms induction revealed the MeJA involvement in plant tolerance to oxidative stress caused by UV‐B irradiation. It was shown that pre‐treatment with MeJA counteracted UV‐B stress. Therefore, it was suggested that MeJA could acts as a mediator in plant defense responses to UV‐B irradiation by enhancing the activity of antioxidant system and free radical scavenging capability of plant cells.     

荔枝的功能及活性成分研究现状

自古以来,中国就有荔枝各组织保健医疗功能的记载。现代医学、营养学、植物化学和药理学为荔枝的医疗和保健功能提供了坚实的证据,其功能活性成分正不断被揭示。对荔枝果肉抗氧化、"上火"和致敏原,果皮抗氧化和抗癌功效,核抗癌、抗病毒、降血糖、调血脂等功能和相关成分研究现状进行了介绍。     

Influence of the stage of ripeness on phenolic metabolism and antioxidant activity in table grapes exposed to different CO2 treatments

We have analyzed the influence of the stage of ripeness on L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene expression, accumulation of anthocyanins and total phenolics, and on antioxidant activity in the skin of table grapes treated with 20% CO₂ + 20% O₂ + 60 % N₂ for 3 or 6 d at low temperature (0 °C). The residual effect of high CO₂ treatment after transfer to air was also studied. In early harvested grapes, neither the anthocyanin content nor the accumulation of VcPAL mRNA was affected by any of the CO₂ treatments applied. However, in late harvested grapes, the duration of high CO₂ treatment determined its effect and a 6 d treatment with CO₂ sustained higher levels of total phenolics and anthocyanin accumulation, and VcPAL expression than observed in untreated late harvested grapes. The increased antioxidant capacity was correlated with the total amount of phenolics and anthocyanins. Conversely, in grapes treated for 3 d with CO₂ the phenylpropanoid pathway did not appear to be induced and a relationship between antioxidant activity and anthocyanins was not observed. Thus, further studies are needed to identify the most important antioxidants in these treated fruit.     

辣椒种衣剂包衣防疫病机理的研究

研究表明：种衣剂处理对辣椒疫霉菌的侵染过程及辣椒植株的防御酶系均有影响。包衣处理的叶片上休止胞的萌发畸形，不形成附着胞，无力侵入寄主，侵入时间也比对照明显滞后，菌丝在寄主组织内的扩展速度及孢子囊产生的数量明显受到抑制。接种后，过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)比对照均有不同程度的提高，出现活性高峰后开始下降。表明甲霜灵对寄主植物抗性的影响具有一定的时间性，且与疫霉菌的激发有关。     

洋葱提取物抗氧化作用的研究

绿色饲料添加剂是当前研究的方向,本实验以红皮洋葱为原料,研究其抗氧化作用。用95%乙醇作溶剂,通过微波辅助法提取洋葱精油,料液比为1∶5,微波功率160W,微波时间160s,微波处理之后浸泡2h,浸泡温度55℃,抽滤后减压旋转蒸发除去溶剂得洋葱精油。然后将其加入猪油和花生油中,添加浓度分别为0、0.07%、0.1%、0.2%和对照组0.05%的BHT(二叔丁基羟基甲苯)。采用烘箱贮藏法,以过氧化值(POV)和酸价(AV)为指标研究其对猪油和花生油的抗氧化作用。结果表明:洋葱提取物对猪油和花生油有一定的抗氧化作用,且具有剂量关系。     

植物香豆素生物合成途径及关键酶基因研究进展

香豆素是来源于苯丙烷代谢途径中重要的次级代谢产物,具有多种生物活性,对植物的生长发育及应答逆境胁迫有重要作用。本研究对香豆素生物合成途径以及所涉及的关键酶基因研究进展进行综述,分析了葡萄糖基转移酶基因家族的系统进化,并对香豆素目前研究的问题进行总结以及今后的研究方向进行展望,以期为香豆素生物合成及其后续研究提供借鉴。     

老芒麦种子染色体端粒及抗氧化防御系统对自然老化的响应

为探讨老芒麦种子响应自然老化的抗氧化作用机制和细胞染色体端粒酶活性变化规律,本试验以'青牧1号’老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.'Qingmu No.1’)种子为试验材料,研究常温贮藏1,2,4,5和6年后,老芒麦种子活力、生理生化代谢产物、抗氧化酶活性以及端粒酶活性的变化规律。结果表明：随着贮藏时间增加,老芒麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、芽长和活力指数均逐渐降低,端粒酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),葡萄糖含量和浸出液电导率明显上升;贮藏初期,超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD),过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性缓慢降低,贮藏2年以后,上述指标活性急剧下降,从而加快了老芒麦种子的老化进程。老芒麦种子在自然贮藏过程中抗氧化酶活性的降低造成活性氧不能及时清除,导致细胞膜脂过氧化,膜通透性增加,继而影响了种子的萌芽以及幼苗的生长。