Effect of acid rain on sandstone: The Royal Palace and the Riddarholm church,Stockholm

The deterioration of two kinds of sandstone is discussed for two 18:th century buildings in central Stockholm: the Royal Palace, and the Royal Carolean Burial Chapel (Karolinska gravkoret) annexed to the mediaeval Riddarholm church. The facades of calcitic Gotland sandstone show many signs of serious decay, such as gypsum formation, pulverized surface, exfoliation, discolouration, and salt efflorescence. The socles are built of the more resistant quartzitic Roslagen sandstone, displaying some discolouration, cracks, and slight exfoliation. In total about 300 samples have been analysed. The surface concentration of sulphur is highest at ground level and at rain-sheltered positions. Chemical and sulphur isotope data indicate that the stone decay to a large part may be attributed to anthropogenic sources like acid deposition and car traffic.     

An analysis of wet deposition of sulfate using a trajectory model for East Asia

A long-range transport model for East Asia was developed to estimate the wet deposition of sulfate. The model is a trajectory type which is appropriate for long-term analysis. Trajectories of air masses are calculated by tracing the wind field which changes spatially and temporally. The processes of reactions, rainout removal, intake of sulfate in cloud water into rain water, and dry and wet depositions are considered. It is possible to calculate the concentration of sulfate in precipitation at a receptor by performing material balance in a grid box containing the receptor.The results obtained by the long-range transport model were evaluated through comparison with observation data of acidic deposition. The observation was conducted at 21 stations throughout Japan for one year. The calculated amount of wet deposition of sulfate in Japan was 0.22Tg/y in S equivalent, while the observed amount was 0.29Tg/y. The long-range transport model can predict almost 80% of observed wet deposition. The contributions of domestic anthropogenic sources and volcanic eruption to wet deposition of sulfate in Japan were estimated using the longrange transport model. The ratio of the deposition of sulfate due to Japanese anthropogenic sources to that due to the Asian continental sources was about 1 to 2. Since air stream from the direction of the Asian continent dominates during winter, the contribution of Japan to wet deposition in the region which faces the Sea of Japan amounted to less than 15%. The contribution of the sulfur oxides from volcanoes was about 20%.     

Nitrogen deposition and dissolved organic carbon production in northern temperate forests

Deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) alters the decomposition of organic matter in forest ecosystems by changing the expression of key microbial enzymes. We investigated the effects of experimental N deposition on dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils of three forest ecosystems representative of the upper Great Lakes region: the sugar maple/basswood (SMBW), sugar maple/red oak (SMRO) and white oak/black oak (WOBO) ecosystems. Mineral soil samples were collected on five dates from ambient and N-amended plots (80 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in three replicate stands of each forest type. DOM was extracted (2:1, water:soil) from each soil sample and analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). DOC concentration was significantly greater in the N-amended soils (on average: 24% higher for SMBW, 9% for SMRO, and 40% for BOWO). In June and October 2002, bioassays were performed to assess N treatment effects on the composition of DOM and its interacting bacterial community. Within each site, DOM extracts from the ambient and N-amended plots were reciprocally inoculated with bacteria from each plot. After a 48 h incubation at 20 °C, community activity in each microcosm was profiled by measuring 10 extracellular enzyme activities (EEA). MANOVA showed that ecosystem type, sampling date, DOM source (ambient or N-amended plot) and inoculum source (ambient or N-amended plot) all had significant effects on bioassay EEA. Post hoc tests (Tukey's HSD) found significant reductions in oxidative enzyme activity as a result of the N treatment. In general, the bioassay results corroborated a previous report describing losses in soil oxidative enzyme activity in response to N saturation. However, it is not clear whether increased DOC concentration is the direct result of reduced oxidative activity.     

Laboratory study of SO2 dry deposition on limestone and marble: Effects of humidity and surface variables

The dry deposition of gaseous air pollutants on stone and other materials is influenced by atmospheric processes and the chemical characteristics of the deposited gas species and of the specific receptor material. Previous studies have shown that relative humidity, surface moisture, and acid buffering capability of the receptor surface are very important factors. To better quantify this behavior, a special recirculating wind tunnel/environmental chamber was constructed, in which wind speed, turbulence, air temperature, relative humidity, and concentrations of several pollutants (SO₂, O₃, nitrogen oxides) can be held constant. An airfoil sample holder holds up to eight stone samples (3.8 cm in diameter and 1 cm thick) in nearly identical exposure conditions. SO₂ deposition on limestone was found to increase exponentially with increasing relative humidity (RH). Marble behaves similarly, but with a much lower deposition rate. Trends indicate there is little deposition below 20% RH on clean limestone and below 60% RH on clean marble. This large difference is due to the limestone's greater porosity, surface roughness, and effective surface area. These results indicate surface variables generally limit SO₂ deposition below about 70% RH on limestone and below at least 95% RH on marble. Aerodynamic variables generally limit deposition at higher relative humidity or when the surface is wet.     

Use of fallout Cs in investigations of overbank sediment deposition on river floodplains

River floodplains have been recognised as important sinks for storing suspended sediment and associated contaminants mobilised from the upstream catchment. However, information on contemporary rates of overbank sedimentation is difficult to obtain using conventional methods. Measurements of the ¹³⁷Cs content of floodplain sediments provide an alternative approach to obtaining; estimates of medium-term rates (ca. 40 years) of overbank sediment deposition. The ¹³⁷Cs approach requires only a single site visit and minimum sample preparation. Furthermore, it is capable of providing information on spatial patterns of sediment deposition on floodplains, which is needed to improve our understanding of the processes involved in overbank flow and sediment deposition. This paper reviews the basis for using ¹³⁷Cs measurements in floodplain sedimentation studies and presents improved procedures for interpreting ¹³⁷Cs profiles in floodplain sediments and for obtaining estimates of sedimentation rates from single measurements of the total. ¹³⁷Cs inventories of bulk sediment cores. The results obtained from a case study undertaken on the floodplain of the River Stour, Dorset, UK, are presented.     

湿米粉中吊白块含量的测定

利用甲醛与乙酰丙酮及铵离子反应,将生成的黄色物质与标准系列比较,定量测定甲醛含量,并用碘标准溶液滴定二氧化硫含量,从而对湿米粉中吊白块含量进行检测,效果良好。     

一种新的原油析蜡量测定方法

提出了通过原油DSC曲线计算原油析蜡量的方法,其结果与常规方法测量的蜡含量一致,而且能计算不同温度段析出的蜡量.热力学方法计算的析蜡点和通过DSC曲线计算的析蜡点相差0.6℃,不同温度段析出的蜡量相差比较大.与热力学模型相比,该方法简便实用.     

木质纤维素稀酸糖化研究初探

木质纤维素的分解利用对于解决未来的能源危机与环境问题具有重大意义。以脱脂棉、滤纸模拟生物质的主要组分之一纤维素，在不同稀硫酸浓度、时间和温度反应参数下，进行纤维素水解糖化试验研究，以还原糖量为指标，考察纤维素糖化最佳反应条件。研究结果表明，在加热时间为60min时，还原糖得率随硫酸浓度的增加而增加；在加热时间为80min时，还原糖得率在硫酸浓度4％处出现最大值。综合硫酸及废液处理成本考虑，得到实验最佳条件为4％硫酸加热80min。     

灰色残差GM(1,1)模型在大气二氧化硫预测中的应用

应用灰色GM（1，1）模式理论与方法，建立了临安市大气二氧化硫质量浓度的灰色残差预测方程x(t 1)=-0.107432e^-0.095872 0.123917，并进行了预测，预测结果与实测值的相对误差绝对值介于0.56%－14.51%之间，预测结果后验比与小误差概率分别为0.2802和1.0。表明模型与实测值拟合程度好，达到了较高精度，表3参10。     

植物塘+人工湿地+吸附池系统对灌溉水中痕量Cd的去除效果

为了降低灌溉水中Cd向农田输入,减轻农田土壤Cd污染,试验选取梭鱼草、狐尾藻、野茭白为材料,构建"植物塘+人工湿地+吸附池"系统,研究其对湖南典型矿区Cd超标灌溉水净化效果,并分析Cd在系统中的分布规律。结果表明:在2018年11月—2019年9月监测期间,进水全量Cd平均浓度为6.35μg·L~(-1),经系统净化后灌溉水中可溶态Cd、悬浮态Cd及悬浮颗粒物平均去除率分别为86.58%、90.37%和81.54%,构建的人工系统可有效降低灌溉水中Cd含量。进水口悬浮态Cd与悬浮颗粒物呈极显著正相关,悬浮颗粒物与进水流速呈显著正相关。灌溉水Cd输入总量为859.61 g,大气沉降Cd输入总量为95.34 g,处理系统拦截为865.52 g,各个单元拦截量从高到低依次为一级植物塘(544.64 g)三级人工湿地+吸附池(167.62 g)二级植物塘(156.26 g)。3种湿地植物对Cd均有较好的富集效果,富集浓度随水流方向下降。一、二级植物塘底泥最大Cd浓度分别为11.05、4.75 mg·kg~(-1),底泥中Cd弱酸可溶态比值较大,存在向水体解吸释放的风险。所构建的"植物塘+人工湿地+吸附池"净化系统可有效降低湖南典型矿区灌溉水中超标Cd含量,降低农田土壤Cd的灌溉输入通量。