咖啡立体栽培及优化模式探讨

立体栽培可以为咖啡生长提供适宜的荫蔽条件。综述目前咖啡生产中的立体栽培模式,并从减少种间竞争等方面对优化模式作进一步的探讨。     

Effect of Shading on Gas Exchange of Cotton Leaves Under Conditions of Different Soil Water Contents1

Effect of different shading levels (no-shading, 80% shading, and 40% shading) on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under onditions of different soil water contents in summer midday. All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading, including decreased netphotosynthetic rates, a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates, and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water, respectively, but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%, respectively. Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable.     

不同穗型不同行向水稻穗遮光问题理论研究

分析了不同穗型不同行向水稻穗对行间的遮光时间、遮光部位及遮光长度,结果表明穗遮光时间在临界高度以上南北行向比东西行向长。对南北行向,穗遮光部位上午随时角的增加逐渐向下移动,东西行向在临界高度以上与南北行向趋势相似,在临界高度以下则随时角的增加先逐渐向下移动,而后又向上移动至临界高度。穗遮光长度在0至穗长之间。对比不同重量穗型可知,弯曲穗型穗对行间遮光影响小,对行内遮光影响大。     

增施氮肥、硼肥对花期遮阴条件下玉米籽粒产量的影响

遮阴已成为影响夏玉米产量的重要因子,提高玉米耐阴性可为高产、抗逆栽培提供理论依据。以‘苏玉29’为试验材料,系统研究了小喇叭口期增施氮肥、硼肥缓解花期遮阴胁迫对夏玉米形态建成、物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明：遮阴处理降低了株高、茎粗、单株叶面积和干物质积累量,并延长了散粉吐丝间隔期。与遮阴处理比,小喇叭口期增施硼肥、氮肥不同程度提高了株高、茎粗、单株叶面积和干物质积累量,且同时增施硼肥、氮肥增幅最大。遮阴处理显著增加了秃尖长,降低了穗粒数和粒重,增施硼肥氮肥缓解了遮阴对突尖长、穗粒数和粒重的影响。增施硼肥、氮肥和同时增施硼肥、氮肥处理产量分别较遮阴处理提高36.7%、8.0%和43.1%。遮阴处理降低叶面积影响干物质积累,产量的降低与突尖增长、穗粒数较少和粒重降低有关。小喇叭口期增施硼肥和氮肥是缓解花期遮阴对产量不利影响的有效措施。 关键词：玉米;遮阴;氮肥;硼肥;产量;农艺性状     

遮阴对冀中南优质强筋小麦形态和品质的影响

选用4个适于冀中南种植的优质强筋小麦进行花后遮阴处理,测定了株高和旗叶形态特征、千粒重以及品质性状,研究不同遮阴条件下这些主要形态特征和品质性状的变化。结果表明：与对照(S0)相比,25%遮阴(S1)增加小麦株高,50%遮阴(S2)株高增幅低于S1,藳优2018甚至低于S0;不同品种旗叶对遮阴处理响应不同,师栾02-1和石优20通过增加叶片长度增加旗叶叶面积,藳优5766叶片厚度降低,藳优2018无显著变化;遮阴造成千粒重降低,蛋白含量、沉降值和湿面筋含量品质指标增加,但是面筋指数下降;遮阴对面团流变学特性影响在品种间存在较大差异,遮阴提高石优20和藳优5766的面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸能量和最大拉伸阻力,但是降低师栾02-1的面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积和最大拉伸阻力,降低藳优2018面团形成时间、稳定时间和最大拉伸阻力,却增加拉伸面积。优质强筋小麦品质对遮阴的响应有共同点,但也存在品种间差异, 可能是遮阴降低小麦光合速率导致光合产物合成和运输受阻,蛋白含量的相对提高使得不同小麦在遮阴处理中有共性的反应,例如4个小麦品种的蛋白含量和湿面筋含量都增加,同时品种间籽粒的蛋白组成不同,可能是导致粉质参数和拉伸参数存在差异的重要原因。     

Comparative performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies under different nutrient and light conditions

Invasive plants may be more plastic than non‐invasive plants and maintain high fitness under various environmental conditions. Previous studies mainly focused on the comparisons between invasive and native plants, and comparisons between highly invasive and less invasive exotic species are still relatively rare, especially for comparisons at the subspecies level. This study examined the effects of nutrient addition and shading on the performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies M. invisa var. inermis under either isolated or competitive conditions. Nutrient addition increased biomass and plant height and decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). Shading decreased biomass and R/S and increased plant height. Under isolated conditions, the two invaders did not differ in R/S, plant height and plasticity of these traits in response to nutrient addition or shading, and the two invaders also did not differ in biomass production under each of the nutrient and light treatments. When the two invaders competed with each other, M. invisa outcompeted M. invisa var. inermis under high soil nutrient conditions, and the two invaders did not differ in performance under other growth conditions. Thus, only considering competition may we find out the difference between highly invasive species and their closely related, less invasive subspecies. Management of M. invisa should focus on habitats with high soil nutrient availability, in which M. invisa is more likely to dominate.     

遮光处理对文心兰生长发育和生理指标的影响

以文心兰切花品种‘金辉’为试材,研究了在遮光率分别为60%、70%、80%、90%条件下其生长发育和生理指标的变化情况,分析了切花文心兰生长发育和生理指标与光照条件的关系,以期为筛选适宜光照条件提供参考。结果表明:持续60%遮光率显著降低花序梗长,且在夏季强光照时叶绿素含量显著降低,相对电导率显著上升;持续90%遮光率显著降低茎叶中可溶性糖、还原糖含量,同时假鳞茎长、假鳞茎茎围、开花率、花序长、分叉数及花朵数也显著降低;持续70%遮光率不仅开花率、花序长、分叉数及花朵数最高,且在夏季强光照时可溶性糖、还原糖的累积量最高,利于文心兰切花栽培。     

不同遮阴处理下施肥对水稻生长及生理特性的影响

太阳辐射减弱是气候变化的重要特征之一,研究太阳辐射减弱对水稻生产的影响,探讨通过施肥能否减缓太阳辐射减弱对水稻生长及生理代谢影响,具有重要的生产实际意义。采用田间模拟试验探讨了不同生育期遮阴条件下施用复合肥和施用硅肥对水稻生长和光合生理特性的影响。采用3因素3水平正交试验设计,遮阴设3水平,即不遮阴（S0,遮阴率为0）、开花-成熟期遮阴（S1,遮阴率为64%）和分蘖-成熟期遮阴（S2,遮阴率为64%）;施用复合肥（N-P₂O₅-K₂O）设3水平,即100（F1）、200 kg·hm^-2（F2）和300 kg·hm^-2（F3）;施用硅肥设3水平,即不施硅（R0）、钢渣200 kg·hm^-2（R1）和钢渣400 kg·hm^-2（R2）。结果表明,遮阴降低水稻株高、叶面积指数（LAI）和胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）,降低产量。与S0对比,S1、S2分别降低产量43.99%和54.24%。S1增加净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）,降低叶绿素含量（SPAD值）,S2则增加SAPD值和Tr,降低分蘖数、Pn和Gs;施用复合肥可提高水稻株高、分蘖数、SPAD值、Pn和Tr,降低Ci和Gs。与F1相比,F2处理下LAI降低10.13%,F3则增加12.13%。与F2相比,F3处理下株高、分蘖数、SPAD值、Pn增加1.28%、8.21%、4.16%、7.64%,Tr则降低0.64%;施用硅肥可提高LAI、Pn、Gs和Tr,降低SPAD值和Ci。与R0相比,R1处理下株高和分蘖数减少1.27%和5.00%,R2处理下则增加0.50%和13.77%。研究认为,模拟太阳辐射减弱条件下,施用复合肥300 kg·hm^-2和硅肥400 kg·hm^-2,可有效减缓遮阴对水稻植株生长和光合作用的不利影响,保持较高产量。     

遮荫对几种暖地型草坪草成坪速度及其景观效果的影响

对5种常见暖地型草坪草在不同遮荫条件的成坪速度及其景观效果进行研究观察,结果表明:天堂328、狗牙根、结缕草均随遮荫程度的加大,成坪速度显著减慢或不能成坪,假俭草、马尼拉在遮荫度37%、58%条件下,成坪速度超过对照水平或相当,因此认为,在遮荫地或林下种植草坪时,供试草种中应首选假俭草,其次为马尼拉,另外3个草种不宜作为耐荫草种利用;遮荫提高了各草坪草叶片的叶绿素含量,一定程度上增加了绿色景观效果;遮荫处理不同程度增加了草坪植株的高度、叶片长度、宽度、面积,但降低了叶片的厚度。     

Shading,Defoliation and Light Enrichment Effects on Chickpea in Northern Latitudes

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has an indeterminate growth nature, and the plant canopy with an improved light environment during critical growth stages may increase biomass (BM) production and improve crop yield. This study examined (i) the effects of shading, light enrichment and defoliation applied at various growth stages on BM and seed yield of chickpea in northern latitudes; and (ii) the difference between cultivars with fern‐ vs. unfoliate‐leaf type in responding to the altered canopy light environments. Field studies were conducted at Saskatoon and Swift Current, Saskatchewan in 2004 and 2005. Different light environments were created by 50 % defoliation at vegetative growth and at first flower, 50 % shading from vegetative growth to first flower, and two light enrichment treatments initiated at the first flower and pod formation stages. The 50 % shade treatment prior to flowering significantly decreased harvest index (HI) and seed yield. Light enrichments increased seed yield only one of three location‐years (the fourth site excluded because of disease damage). Defoliation at vegetative growth or first flower had a marginal effect on seed yield, largely as a result of the regrowth of vegetative tissues compensating for the lost plant tissues. The cultivar CDC Yuma (fern‐leaf type) exhibited consistently greater maximum light interception (LI), cumulative intercepted radiation, HI and seed yield than the cultivar Sanford (unifoliate‐leaf type) across all location‐years. Selective use of chickpea cultivars with improved morphological traits such as fern‐leaf type will likely improve LI and increase crop yield for chickpea in northern latitudes. Moreover, optimized crop management practices should be adopted to ensure that chickpea be grown under conditions with minimum shading before flowering and optimum light environment within the canopy especially during reproductive growth period.