饲料脂肪源和乳化剂对牛蛙生长性能、肠道消化酶活力及肝脏生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究以猪油或鱼油为脂肪源的饲料中添加乳化剂对牛蛙生长性能、肠道消化酶活力及肝脏生化指标的影响。试验采用2×2因子完全随机区组试验设计,2种脂肪源(猪油和鱼油)和2个乳化剂添加水平(0和300 mg/kg),配成4种等氮等能的试验饲料。将初始平均体重为(19.01±0.01)g的180只牛蛙随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复15只蛙,进行为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明:未添加乳化剂的鱼油组增重率(WGR)和摄食量(FI)显著高于未添加乳化剂的猪油组(P0.05)。添加乳化剂的猪油组WGR和FI显著高于添加乳化剂的鱼油组(P0.05)。添加乳化剂的猪油组WGR、FI和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于未添加乳化剂的猪油组(P0.05),2组之间饲料系数(FCR)、氮沉积率(NRE)、能量沉积率(ERE)均差异不显著(P0.05)。添加乳化剂的鱼油组的各生长性能指标与未添加乳化剂的鱼油组均无显著差异(P0.05)。各组牛蛙胴体水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量差异不显著(P0.05),而添加乳化剂的猪油组全体粗脂肪含量显著高于未添加乳化剂的猪油组(P0.05)。各组牛蛙肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力差异不显著(P0.05),饲料中添加乳化剂显著提高以猪油为主要脂肪源牛蛙的肠道脂肪酶活力(P0.05),而对以鱼油为主要脂肪源牛蛙的影响不显著(P0.05)。各组牛蛙肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力无显著差异(P0.05)。在以猪油为主要脂肪源时,添加乳化剂显著提高肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量(P0.05);在以鱼油为主要脂肪源时,添加乳化剂对肝脏MDA含量无显著影响(P0.05)。根据结果得出,在以猪油为主要脂肪源的饲料中添加乳化剂可提高牛蛙的生长性能。     

Frozen bread dough: Effects of freezing storage and dough improvers

This review focuses on the effects of freezing storage on the microstructure and baking performance of frozen doughs, and provides an overview of the activities of dough improvers, including emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and other improvers used in frozen dough applications. The overall quality of bread baked from frozen dough deteriorates as the storage of the dough at sub-zero temperatures increases due to several factors which are discussed. Lipid-related emulsifiers such as diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides and sucrose esters employed as anti-staling agents, dough modifiers, shortening sparing agents, and as improvers for the production of high-protein bread have also been employed in frozen doughs. Hydrocolloids are gaining importance in the baking industry as dough improvers due to their ability to induce structural changes in the main components of wheat flour systems during breadmaking steps and bread storage Their effects in frozen doughs is discussed. Other dough improvers, such as ascorbic acid, honey and green tea extract, are also reviewed in the context of frozen doughs.     

不同土地利用类型氨挥发氮同位素自然丰度特征

为了探讨不同土地利用类型下氨（NH3）挥发氮同位素自然丰度特征,采集3种土地利用类型（果园、菜地和林地）土壤,在可控条件下采用海绵吸收法开展了为期15d的室内培养试验,测定了不同土地利用类型下土壤NH3挥发全过程δ15N值及其变化规律。培养期间,3种土地利用类型下的土壤NH+4-N浓度均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;果园和菜...     

西安市化肥施用面源污染环境风险评价研究

专项定量评估化肥施用面源污染环境风险,精准识别化肥施用面源污染高风险区域,进而制定有效措施,对面源污染管控工作至关重要。利用西安市1991-2018年化肥施用相关统计数据,全面分析了全市化肥施用时序演变和空间分异特征,并评价了化肥施用面源污染环境风险程度。结果表明：西安市化肥施用量在经历1991-2014年的快速增长后,于2015-2018年出现“四连降”;氮磷钾化肥施用结构比例由1991的1∶0.24∶0.13逐步调整为2018年的1∶0.34∶0.37;1991-2018年间化肥施用强度随时间递增趋势明显,2018年化肥施用强度为1991年的3.60倍;化肥施用环境风险整体增大趋势明显,总肥风险已由1991年的“尚安全”程度上升为2018年的“重度风险”程度。西安市化肥施用面源污染环境风险空间差异明显,其中长安区为“低度风险”区域,临潼区、高陵区和鄠邑区为“中度风险”区域,灞桥区、阎良区和蓝田县为“重度风险”区域,未央区和周至县为“严重风险”区域。在确保农作物产量基础上,西安市应从施肥技术、科技攻关、政策法规等层面入手,制定有效管控措施。     

Source–sink relations and responses to sink–source manipulations during grain filling in wheat

The source–sink ratio during grain filling is a critical factor that affects crop yield in wheat, and the main objective of this study was to determine the source–sink relations at both the canopy scale and the individual culm level under two nitrogen (N) levels at the post-jointing stage.  Nine widely-used cultivars were chosen for analyzing source–sink relations in southwestern China; and three typical cultivars of different plant types were subjected to artificial manipulation of the grain-filling source–sink ratio to supplement crop growth measurements.  A field experiment was conducted over two consecutive seasons under two N rates (N+, 150 kg ha^–1; N–, 60 kg ha^–1), and three manipulations were imposed after anthesis: control (Ct), removal of flag and penultimate leaves (Lr) and removal of spikelets on one side of each spike (Sr).  The results showed that the single grain weights in the three cultivars were significantly decreased by Lr and increased by Sr, which demonstrated that wheat grain yield potential seems more source-limited than sink-limited during grain filling, but the source–sink balance was obviously changed by climatic variations and N deficient environments.  Grain yield was highly associated with sink capacity (SICA), grain number, biomass, SPAD values, and leaf area index during grain filling, indicating a higher degree of source limitation with an increase in sink capacity.  Therefore, source limitation should be taken into account by breeders when SICA is increased, especially under non-limiting conditions.  Chuanmai 104, a half-compact type with a mid-sized spike and a long narrow upper leaf, showed relatively better performance in source–sink relations.  Since this cultivar showed the characteristics of a lower reduction in grain weight after Lr, a larger increase after Sr, and a lower reduction in post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, then the greater current photosynthesis during grain filling contributed to the grain after source and sink manipulation.      

湖南省农业面源污染与农村水环境质量的响应关系分析

为揭示农业面源污染与农村水环境质量的响应关系,以湖南省46个区县为研究对象,核算了2019年种植业、畜禽养殖业、水产养殖业及农村生活污水中化学需氧量、总氮、总磷、铵态氮(COD、TN、TP、NH+4-N)的排放量,采用水污染指数法量化了农村地表水水质类别,对农业面源等标污染负荷、单位国土面积和单位地表径流等标污染负荷与水质类别值进行了相关性分析。结果表明:农业面源污染的主要来源是畜禽养殖和农村生活污水,主要污染物是TN;COD的主要来源是畜禽养殖业,TP的主要来源是农村生活污水,而TN和NH+4-N的主要来源是种植业和畜禽养殖业。46个区县中,农村水体水质类别为Ⅲ类及以下的区县有19个,Ⅳ类15个、Ⅴ类7个、劣Ⅴ类5个,TN是造成水质较差的主要定类指标。等标污染负荷与水质类别无明显相关性,而单位国土面积和单位地表径流等标污染负荷与水质类别均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.979 2、0.993 3;4种污染物中,COD单位国土面积和单位地表径流等标污染负荷与水质类别无明显相关性,而TN、TP、NH+4-N与水质类别呈正相关,是湖南农村水体水质变化的主要影响因子,其中TN是水质类别的决定性因子。利用本研究所得响应关系函数模型可以初步预测农村水体水质类别,进而有效降低农村水环境质量监测的难度和成本,同时为不同类别农业污染源监管提供科学依据。     

长江流域农药面源多介质归趋评估

为明确长江流域典型农药面源时空分布,本研究基于逸度理论,构建了适合大尺度、多区域、长时期的农药面源多介质环境归趋模型,量化了1991—2020年长江流域克百威农药在水、土、气、沉积物等环境介质中的累积水平、赋存浓度及传输通量。结果表明：长江流域的克百威总残留量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在2010年达到峰值（1 647 t）;水体和土壤为克百威的主要赋存介质,其范围分别为0.278~135 ng·L^-1和0.052 2~16.7 ng·g^-1;长江流域中下游地区为热点区域,尤其是赣江流域;每年施用的农药约5.40%会残留在环境中,主要去除方式为降解,其次是输移到近海（2017年约109 t·a^-1）。研究表明,农药面源在大时空尺度的累积和传输作用不容忽视,模型改进使得面源模拟结果更加合理,为长江流域农药面源的科学管控提供了重要的数据参考和技术支持。     

浑善达克沙地沙粒特征及其沉积环境

对浑善达克沙地进行野外考察和采集表层沙样,通过激光粒度仪测量其沙粒粒径,分析其内部不同区域沉积物粒度特征、空间分异规律和沉积环境,为治理该沙地提供理论依据。结果表明,浑善达克沙地内部不同区域表层沉积物粒度组成上有较大的差异,总体以细沙和中沙为主,平均含量分别为43.9%和34.72%;粉沙、极细沙、粗砂含量较少。中值粒径从西到东逐渐变细;分选系数为0.94Φ,分选性整体较差,沿盛行风向有变好的趋势;偏度和峰度均值分别为0.16和1.23。粒度频率曲线指示该沙地沉积环境多样,沉积过程复杂。中西部沙物质以河流及湖泊沉积为主;东部则主要分布风成沉积,其部分物质可能来源于沙地内部的河流碎屑物或更西部的河湖相沉积。     

基于奇异谱和相关性分析的木材声发射源直线定位算法研究

针对木材声发射（acoustic emission,AE）信号的随机特性,提出了一种基于奇异谱和信号相关性分析的木材表面AE源直线定位算法。首先,依据ASTM标准通过折断铅芯的方式分别在樟子松和榉木试件表面产生AE源,并在顺纹理方向布置2个AE传感器,其中采样频率设置为500 kHz。然后,采用奇异谱分析（singular spectrum analysis,SSA）算法提高AE信号的信噪比,再分别基于信号相关性和最大值分析2种方法计算AE信号在木材表面顺纹理方向的传播速度。最后,依据AE信号传播时差和计算速度,基于时差定位原理设计AE源定位算法。并针对SSA处理前后的AE信号,采用不同定位算法进行比较试验。结果表明,直接对原始AE信号采用基于信号相关性和最大值分析方法确定信号传播速度时,樟子松试件2个不同位置AE源的定位误差分别为51.8%、55.7%和75.7%、46.6%;榉木试件2个不同位置AE源的定位误差分别为52.0%、44.8%和37.7%、45.5%。而对于经SSA处理后的AE信号,樟子松试件相应的定位误差分别为5.1%、33.2%和2.6%、31.7%;榉木试件相应的定位误差分别为3.1%、54.9%和5.1%、22.9%。因此,对原始AE信号进行SSA降噪处理后,再基于信号相关性分析方法确定信号传播速度,能够显著提高木材表面AE源的定位精度。