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171.
A vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese was surveyed for incidence of esca and xylem sap collection. Sap samples were collected from healthy vines and from those with dual infection by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) and Togninia minima (Tmi) or triple infection by Pch, Tmi and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme), during each early spring in a 3-year period (2001–2003). In order to analyse the possible trends in the climatic data, temperature and rainfall were assessed. At sap harvesting, aliquots of sap were assayed for phytotoxicity and extracted with ethyl acetate for phytotoxin recovery. Moreover, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) content was evaluated on several sap samples during the bleeding period. Conidia of Pch and Tmi, mycelium of Fme and their secondary metabolites were found in the sap of the esca-affected vines, indicating that the pathogens and their by-products together with some defence substances were accumulated and then translocated. Bioactivity tests showed toxicity of the sap from esca-affected vines to healthy detached leaves of cv. Sangiovese. The daily amount of sap, the pH, and the volume (Jv) and solute (Js) fluxes were analysed as a function of the infecting fungi. Pullulan, glucogalactomannan(s) and arabinogalactan(s) are the main EPS in the esca-infected vines, whereas in the sap of healthy vines no traces of pullulan were found. Scytalone and isosclerone usually produced in vitro by Pch and Tmi were also detected in the sap of vines infected by Pch and Tmi or by Pch, Tmi and Fme. The endogenous phytohormone content of healthy vines evaluated by the cutting bioassay was different from that of infected vines. Four phenolics belonging to three classes e.g., benzoic acid derivatives, stilbenes and flavonol-glycosides were separated and identified by HPLC. 相似文献
172.
沙漠地区风沙活动特征——以中国科学院风沙观测场为例 总被引:11,自引:2,他引:11
运用中国科学院风沙科学观测场的实测资料,对腾格里沙漠风沙环境特征进行初步分析,内容包括起沙风、风沙活动强度、风沙流结构和沙漠边界层的风速廓线.该地区的起沙风以6~8 m/s为主,占总起沙风的71.63%,其次为8~10 m/s,占19.24%,两者之和占90.87%;大风日数为4天;风向以W-N组风向为主;占全年的53.14%.年输沙势为36.56VU,风能属于低风能环境,单一主风向和单风态风环境.风沙流主要集中在地表的0.1 m,占总输沙量的95.46%.观测场近地层厚度大于50 m. 相似文献
173.
在天水地区大田设置6个播量水平,观测不同密度条件下地膜小麦群体重要农艺性状的变化规律,并与露地小麦相对照。结果表明:单株分蘖数、最高总茎数、基部节间长度是有规律的增加;地膜小麦的单株分蘖数、最高总茎数的变幅较小,而露地小麦的变幅较大;基部节间长度随密度的增加而增加,地膜小麦的增长较快;单位面积有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单位面积上的产量均随密度的变化而变化,但地膜小麦的变幅较小,而露地小麦的交幅较大;叶面积指数、叶片功能期,地膜小麦和露地在密度交化过程中表现出相同的趋势;籽粒饱满指数随密度增加而降低,二者有相同的趋势。而粒叶比则露地小麦的变幅较大;倒伏程度以露地小麦的变幅较大。 相似文献
174.
卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles derogatae Watanabe是棉大卷叶螟Sylepta derogata Fabricius幼虫期的一种重要内寄生蜂,对棉大卷叶螟种群有较好的控制作用。在实验室条件下,运用人工接虫观察法研究卷叶螟绒茧蜂对棉大卷叶螟幼虫的寄生行为。结果表明,该蜂搜寻寄主的时间平均为2.38 min,处理寄主的时间仅需0.86 min;寄生寄主的最适龄期为寄主2龄幼虫;对1龄幼虫的致死率达32%,但其寄生率仅为16%,其余16%的个体为穿刺致死。饲喂蜂蜜水能显著增加该蜂的产卵量,延长其产卵历期和增强其穿刺能力。寄生蜂的寄生能力与寄主密度的关系呈抛物线型:在寄生蜂均为16头/m~3雌蜂条件下,当寄主密度从80头/m~3增加到320头/m~3时,寄主的被寄生个体数随之增加,但当寄主密度超过320头/m~3后,寄主的被寄生个体数反而随寄主密度的上升呈下降趋势。 相似文献
175.
176.
闽南毛竹林合理经营密度的研究 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
在闽南毛竹分布区的毛竹林分中建立标准地247块,利用柯尔莫哥洛夫的正态分布检验法。结合半峰宽理论,分析计算了闽南毛竹林的合理经营密度为1200株 ̄1650朱/hm^2,为闽南毛竹林持续经营提供了理论依据。 相似文献
177.
178.
Abstract – Programmes of habitat restoration usually assume that the targeted populations will readily colonise the newly provided habitat. However, this assumption may not always hold, and the success of restoration may be impaired if the individuals are driven to aggregate in areas of the habitat already available instead of spreading to new ones. We investigated how weirs situated along a river could drive Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to aggregate their redds and tested whether aggregation intensified at low fish density. For this, we applied spatial point pattern analysis to a data set consisting on the distribution of salmon redds in a small river over 15 years (1992–2006). Within the habitat suitable for spawning, redds were significantly aggregated, especially in the first 15 morphodynamic units below weirs. Our results suggest that the constraint imposed by obstacles on redd distribution should be considered when conducting habitat restoration. 相似文献
179.
During the 1990s, carapace length statistics including minimum size caught (Lmin), mean male and female lengths, size at sex transition (L50) and maximum size (Lmax) of northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) decreased in commercial and survey catches off Newfoundland and Labrador. Decreased growth rates caused by decreases in per‐capita food availability due to large population increases, exacerbated by increased metabolic demands from higher water temperatures in the mid‐1990s, appear to be the main cause of the size decrease. Fishing could have had an accelerating effect on environmentally driven decreases in shrimp growth and size by ‘cropping’ the largest shrimp from the population. The greatest decreases in shrimp size occurred in Hudson Strait and the adjacent northern shelf, the area which also has the highest densities and largest shrimp. We hypothesize that the greater size decrease here resulted from decreased primary production from decreased nutrient flux into the euphotic zone, caused by increased atmospheric warming, freshwater runoff and stratification during the warming trend of the 1990s. 相似文献
180.
玉米田杂草马唐的生长特性研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在田间和室内条件下研究了马唐的生长特性。结果表明 ,马唐种子具有短期休眠 ,其出苗的适宜土壤深度为 0 .5~ 4 .0cm ;随着密度的增加和出苗时间的推迟 ,马唐的单株生长量逐渐下降。 相似文献