季风常绿阔叶林不同恢复阶段附生维管植物多样性及分布

通过对云南普洱地区不同恢复阶段(恢复15年、30年和原始林群落)季风常绿阔叶林群落内附生维管植物的调查,分析了不同恢复阶段附生维管植物的物种丰富度、多度、分布和相似性关系,并探讨附生维管植物与宿主的关系。结果表明:(1)在0.81 hm²的调查样地中,共发现附生维管植物3 116株(分属9科20属22种);(2)原始林中附生维管植物的物种丰富度(17种)要显著高于恢复30年(7种)和15年(5种)群落;(3)原始林与不同恢复阶段群落中附生维管植物的物种组成有显著不同,恢复15年群落中的附生植物主要由蕨类植物组成,兰科植物是原始林附生植物的主要物种组成,有些物种仅出现在原始林中,可以作为季风常绿阔叶林恢复程度的指示物种;(4)原始林附生维管植物的多度要显著高于恢复阶段;(5)3个群落类型中的附生维管植物在水平方向都为聚集分布,恢复15年群落主要分布在0~5 m,原始林中分布可达到20 m;(6)原始林中附生维管植物物种丰富度和多度与宿主的胸径之间存在显著正相关,而2个恢复阶段森林中不存在相关性。     

How management strategies have affected Atlantic White-cedar forest recovery after massive wind damage in the Great Dismal Swamp

In September 2003 Hurricane Isabel swept through eastern North Carolina and Virginia, destroying most of what formerly ranked among the most extensive remaining stands of Atlantic White-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides L., cedar). As Atlantic White-cedar communities are dependent on irregular, large-scale disturbances, the hurricane event can be viewed as an opportunity for perpetuating cedar populations in the Great Dismal Swamp. The success of cedar regeneration in the Dismal Swamp has been influenced by the management strategies employed by Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (active management) and by the adjacent Dismal Swamp State Park (passive management). We investigated the regeneration success of Atlantic White-cedar 5 years following Hurricane Isabel by sampling five stands at the Dismal Swamp State Park withstanding varying impact from the storm and previous windthrow events. We compared our findings to regeneration surveys completed at the adjacent Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge. Atlantic White-cedar seedling densities were up to 100 times higher in the actively managed Wildlife Refuge compared to the passively managed State Park. We also determined the seedbank of viable cedar seeds and we described the vegetation at the State Park. The stands at the State Park are now dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) with a dense shrubby understory. Since viable cedar seeds were still present in the seedbank (>800,000 ha⁻¹), future seedling establishment is possible at the State Park. However, active management is essential for achieving sufficient seedling densities and survival for regenerating a mature cedar stand.     

Nitrogen dynamics during ecosystem development in tropical forest restoration

We considered whether ecological restoration using high diversity of native tree species serves to restore nitrogen dynamics in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We measured δ¹⁵N and N content in green foliage and soil; vegetation N:P ratio; and soil N mineralization in a preserved natural forest and restored forests of ages 21 and 52 years. Green foliage δ¹⁵N values, N content, N:P ratio, inorganic N and net mineralization and nitrification rates were all higher, the older the forest. Our findings indicate that the recuperation of N cycling has not been achieved yet in the restored forests even after 52 years, but show that they are following a trajectory of development that is characterized by their N cycling intensity becoming similar to a natural mature forest of the same original forest formation. This study demonstrated that some young restored forests are more limited by N compared to mature natural forests. We document that the recuperation of N cycling in tropical forests can be achieved through ecological restoration actions.     

滩涂互花米草除治技术研究

针对福建沿海滩涂外来物种互花米草疯长成灾问题,通过使用滩涂米草除控剂、种植秋茄等方法对互花米草进行除治技术研究,结果表明:在4-7月退潮后,用滩涂米草除控剂300-400 g稀水10 kg液均匀喷湿互花米草茎叶,2个月后叶枯根烂,次年4月下旬在除草迹地插植秋茄胚轴,幼树长势良好,为建设海峡西岸滩涂绿色屏障提供技术支撑.     

襄垣北石底山的林业复垦与生态重建研究

依托国际先进的宫胁造林法,襄垣北石底山林业复垦基础工程和植被恢复工程取得阶段性成果。简要阐述了襄垣北石底山的环境概况,重点介绍了林业复垦基础工程的再造技术,植被重建工程的植物筛选以及建植技术和管护技术。实践证明,侧柏纯林,侧柏、灌木混交林,油松、栎类、灌木混交林这3种林分结构在太行山的废弃石灰岩生态重建中比较合理,侧柏作为先锋树种为改善微环境和恢复森林植被创造了有利条件。     

丘塘景观植被恢复与土壤养分空间分异规律研究

丘塘景观是一种生态经济结构较为优化的人工复合生态系统。根据在丘塘景观内不同斑块的土壤调查，研究土壤养分的分异规律，为退化丘塘景观的恢复提供理论依据，并且对于水肥的调配和植被的恢复都有重要的意义。结果表明：土壤有机质含量的变化是随着土壤深度增加而减少的，全氮的变化趋势同有机质一样，随土壤深度增加而递减。土壤全磷并没有遵循此规律，基本上各个不同斑块土层10～20 cm含量都大于其他土层。不同斑块表层变异系数最小，往生层基本呈现上升趋势。土壤养分水平空间变异为0～10 cm土层土壤有机质和全氮平均含量分布为：林带>果园>草地>鱼塘，全磷平均含量分布是果园>林带>草地>鱼塘。通过比较造林前(1986年)和造林后(2002年)的土壤养分结果表明马占相思林对下层土壤有显著的影响，土壤有机碳和全氮含量大大提高。     

Effects of grassland abandonment, restoration and management on butterflies and vascular plants

When semi-natural pastures are abandoned, specialized grassland species are lost as a consequence of succession. As a counter-measure, previously abandoned grasslands may be restored by clearing shrubs and trees and re-introducing grazing livestock. In order to examine the effects of this type of habitat restoration, we compared species richness of plants and of specialized plants thought to be dependent on continuous management and species richness and abundance of butterflies and red-listed butterflies in 12 sets of matched continuously managed, abandoned and restored grassland in southern Sweden. We found no differences in species richness or abundance between the three grassland types. There were, however, some negative effects of abandonment. The number of management-dependent plants decreased with increasing cover of trees and shrubs, and in restored sites species richness of all groups decreased with increasing cover of trees and shrubs before restoration. Also the present management significantly affected both butterflies and plants. Species richness of both groups increased with increasing vegetation height and differed between sites depending on the species of grazers, with negative effects of sheep compared to cattle or horses. Our study indicates that for grassland management to be efficient, the restoration actions should mainly be directed towards sites where the post-abandonment succession has not proceeded too far.     

高寒草原不同种草方式对流动沙丘植被恢复的影响

[目的]研究种草方式对流动沙丘植被恢复效果的影响,为高寒草原沙化土地治理提供技术支持。[方法]在甘肃省玛曲县流动沙丘,设置不同播种方式、不同草种和不同种草模式试验,分析不同种草方式对植被恢复的影响。[结果]撒播和条播对植被恢复无显著影响。总体上草种对植被恢复影响不大,流动沙丘植被恢复中只需种植垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)即可。种草模式对植被恢复影响很大。牧草种植第2年,与没有铺施牛羊粪的种草模式相比,铺施牛羊粪种草模式下牧草高度、密度、盖度、地上生物量鲜重和干重均显著且大幅增加,同样铺施牛羊粪的模式中,牛羊粪厚度约2 cm的牛羊粪+无沙障模式下牧草高度和盖度显著地高于牛羊粪厚度约1 cm的牛羊粪+沙障模式。牧草生长状况与土壤养分、持水能力具有良好的正相关关系。[结论]牛羊粪+无沙障种草模式是研究区流动沙丘植被恢复的最优模式。铺施牛羊粪厚度达到约2 cm,就再无必要设置其他沙障进行固沙。     

黄土丘陵小流域植被生态用水评价

以黄土丘陵区安家沟小流域为例,计算了植被最小需水量,评价了不同植被类型的生态用水量。研究结果表明:(1)土壤含水量、蒸散量均与植被类型和降雨量密切相关。对于相同年份,乔灌林地的土壤含水量和蒸散量都显著地大于农地;对于相同的植被类型,干旱年份(2 0 0 2年)的土壤含水量和蒸散量都显著小于湿润年份(2 0 0 3年)。(2 )从月尺度来说,不论是干旱年还是湿润年,植被生态用水在生长季节旺季均低于其最小生态需水量;从年尺度来说,干旱年份所有植被生态用水均低于其最小生态需水量,但湿润年份所有植被(除小麦外)生态用水都可以达到其最小生态需水量;以多年平均降雨量为标准,马铃薯和沙棘可以达到其最小生态需水标准,其它4种植被类型都不能达到其最小生态需水标准。本文建议:对于半干旱黄土丘陵地区,植被恢复不宜以乔灌林为主,并注意斑块形状和种植密度;在植被恢复的过程中,可以采用人工方法,促进自然恢复,以加快植被恢复的过程     

亚热带低丘区退化红壤肥力质量恢复性能的研究

试验和分析结果表明 ,退化红壤主要肥力因素的恢复与农用物质的投入和土壤本身理化性质均存在明显的关系。随着物质投入量的增加 ,土壤肥力质量的恢复也逐渐加快。在自然条件下 ,土壤肥力因素的恢复主要与土壤本身属性有关 ,在肥力恢复过程中 ,土壤有机质的增加量与土壤本身有机质含量呈抛物线关系 ,约当土壤有机质含量在 2 0 g/ kg时 ,增幅最大 ;在一定的含氮范围内 ,土壤氮素的增加与土壤全氮含量呈正相关 ;而速效钾的增加量与土壤本身速效钾含量呈反相关。土壤水稳定性团聚体的恢复与土壤粘粒含量及有机质含量呈正相关。试验结果表明 ,在合理的管理条件下 ,红壤肥力质量可以逐渐得到改善