我国烟草业改革之路

针对目前我国烟草行业发展中存在的经营管理体制不完善、行业整体技术水平较低、“两烟“市场基本饱和、入世后国际竞争加剧及社会舆论环境对烟草行业的发展压力加大等问题,提出了深化烟草行业体制改革,大力推进企业组织结构调整,建立和完善专卖制度下适应市场经济要求的烟草市场体系等改革发展思路。     

波尔山羊精液高倍稀释试验研究

为充分发挥波尔山羊种公羊的作用,对精液高倍稀释各个技术环节进行了多方面的试验研究。采用新鲜羊奶稀释液进行了7个不同稀释倍数的试验,结果表明5倍与8倍稀释组情期受胎率分别为91.4%和91.5%,差异不显著(P>0.05);其它各组之间差异均显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);各组的情期受胎率随着稀释倍数的增大逐渐下降,15倍稀释组为84.0%,20倍为76.0%,25倍为68.8%,30倍为53.3%。25倍以下的稀释倍数,输入有效精子数在1000万以上,生产上是可以应用的。稀释液的筛选试验表明鲜奶稀释液受胎率较高;二次稀释法比一次稀释提高受精率9%(P<0.05);子宫颈深部输精比子宫颈口输精提高受胎率95.5%(P<0.01);10倍以上稀释有利于精液常温保存。     

深圳碧海湾高尔夫球场草坪春季杂草及防除策略研究

对深圳碧海湾高尔夫球场草坪进行调查,发现春季草坪杂草有95种,分属26科80属。阔叶杂草有75种,占杂草总数的78.95%;半日子叶杂草20种,占杂草总数的21.05%。对球道和长草区或边坡的杂草发生特点分别进行分析。针对杂草的发生来源和特点,提出了草坪杂草的防除策略。     

Lens formation in the absence of optic cup in rat embryos irradiated with soft X-ray

In order to investigate the effect of soft X-ray irradiation on ocular development, pregnant rats were exposed to a single 12.5 Gy irradiation on embryonic day 9 (ED 9). The embryos obtained by laparotomy on ED 12 and 21 were examined for ocular abnormalities under a binocular stereo-microscope and a light microscope. The ED 12 embryos were stained with osmium tetroxide to facilitate the observation. The stereo-microscopic examination on ED 12 and 21 revealed various types of ocular abnormalities characterized primarily by aplasia or hypoplasia of the optic cup and invaginated lens placode. The light microscopic examination further confirmed these findings histomorphologically, and the hypoplastic abnormalities were classified into three types: (1) hypoplasia of the optic cup and invaginated lens placode, (2) complete malformation of the optic cup and hypoplasia of the invaginated lens placode, and (3) complete malformation of the optic cup and invaginated lens placode. Because the lens was formed in the complete absence of the retina, the development and differentiation of the retina and lens do not seem to be tightly synchronized. Thus, this sequential analysis on ocular abnormalities during the early stage of development supports the notion that the presence of the retina is not always necessary for the development of the lens.     

Tank-mix adjuvants and pesticide residues: some regulatory and quantitative aspects

Although it is well known that judicious use of adjuvants can increase the performance of foliage-applied sprays of many agrochemicals, little information is available in the public domain about their ultimate effects on pesticide residues in treated crops. In the present work, the influence of Agral (polyoxyethylene nonylphenols), Toil (methyl esters of rapeseed fatty acids) and Bond (styrene-butadiene copolymers) on surface and crop residues of diclofop-methyl/diclofop and propiconazole in wheat and field beans was investigated using a model system simulating field practice. Pesticides were applied as commercial formulations, diclofop-methyl 378 g litre(-1) EC (Hoegrass) and propiconazole 250 g litre(-1) EC (Tilt), at their maximum approved rates, 1135 g AI ha(-1) and 125 g AI ha(-1), respectively, both in the presence or absence of the maximum rate recommended for each candidate adjuvant. No detectable residues of diclofop-methyl or propiconazole were found in wheat 35 days after any of the four applications. However, residues of diclofop were present in this crop, and those from applications containing Agral (0.07 mg kg(-1) fresh weight (FW)) or Bond (0.08 mg kg(-1) FW) were significantly lower than those with no adjuvant (0.14 mg kg(-1) FW) or Toil (0.16 mg kg(-1) FW). Unlike wheat, residues of both diclofop and propiconazole were detected in field beans after harvest. Significantly higher residues of the former were recorded from the applications with Agral or Bond (ca 0.32 mg kg(-1) FW) than with those with no adjuvant or Toil (ca 0.15mg kg(-1) FW). All the propiconazole applications containing adjuvants showed a similar significant increase in residues (0.10-0.16 mg AI kg(-1) FW) over the no-adjuvant treatment (0.05 mg kg(-1) FW) in this crop. There appeared to be little agreement between the apparent amounts of uptake, as indicated by the rates of decline of surface residues up to 5 days after application, and final residues in either target species. On wheat, surface residues of diclofop-methyl decreased from initially ca 20 to as little as 0.02 mg kg(-1) FW using adjuvants; the corresponding values for propiconazole were ca 2 to ca 0.03 mg kg(-1) FW. Recoveries of diclofop-methyl from the surfaces of field beans were much higher than those from wheat, declining from ca 30 to only ca 6 mg kg(-1) FW during the course of 5 days; the corresponding residues for propiconazole were ca 2 mg to 0.15 mg kg(-1) FW. These findings are discussed in relation to uptake results obtained with radiolabelled pesticides and adjuvants in the laboratory, and to the mandatory requirements for pesticide residue data for the authorised use of adjuvants in the UK.     

Possible Anxiolytic Effects of Ivermectin in Rats

Ivermectin, a mixture of 22,23-dihydroavermectin B_1a (80%) and B_1b (20%), is produced by Streptomyces avermectilis, an actinomycete. It is a macrocyclic lactone disaccharide, a member of the avermectin family, and is used as an antiparasitic drug. Previous studies performed in our laboratory showed that doramectin, another avermectin drug, interferes with GABAergic-related behaviours, leading to anxiety and seizures. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of ivermectin (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) on the central nervous system of rats, using behavioural models related to GABAergic neurotransmission. A known anxiolytic drug, diazepam, was used as a positive control. Open field and elevated plus-maze behaviours, as well as conflict behaviour to a conditioned response, were assessed. The effects of ivermectin and diazepam in reversing the anxiety induced by picrotoxin was studied. The protective effects of ivermectin on pentylenetetrazole- and picrotoxin-induced seizures were also investigated. In the open field, 1.0 mg/kg ivermectin decreased locomotion frequency at 15 and 60 min of observation, rearing behaviour showed a biphasic effect at 15 and 30 min and duration of immobility was increased in all sessions after 1.0 mg/kg ivermectin. These data suggest anxiolytic or sedative effects. Ivermectin and diazepam both had a tendency to cause an increase both in the number of entries into the open arms and on the time spent in the open arms of an elevated plus-maze. Picrotoxin on its own reduced the number of entries as well as the time spent in the open arms. Both diazepam and ivermectin reversed these effects of picrotoxin. In conflict behaviour analysis, ivermectin and diazepam gave the classic effect of an anxiolytic drug, reversing the conditioned response to shock. Ivermectin protected rats from the convulsant effects of pentylenetetrazole but not from those of picrotoxin. Thus, ivermectin had the pharmacological profile of an anxiolytic drug with GABAergic properties. The lack of effect on seizures induced by picrotoxin suggests that the action of ivermectin is different from that of the benzodiazepine drugs.     

Introduction

The realization of strategies for sustainable land use assumes specificresearch concepts from the local to the global scale (micro-, meso- andmacroscale). Therefore, landscape ecological science has to provideinvestigation methods for all these different scales. By combiningtop-down and bottom-up approaches in addition tocoupled GIS-model applications and traditional methods, the investigation oflandscape ecological structures and processes seems to be possible. Thepresented studies show this approach on examples of two study areas in EasternGermany: A watershed of 400 km² and an administrativedistrict of about 4000 km². The scale-specificapplicability of several models and methods were tested for theseinvestigations, and the validation of the calculated results are presented. Animportant outcome of the project should be the prevention of conflicts betweenagriculture, water management and soil, and water and nature conservation;based onrecommendations for land use variants with decreased pollutant loading withinagricultural areas. The scale specific investigations can be considered as abase for establishing sustainable land use.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

江泽民法治思想初探

江泽民从建设社会主义市场经济和民主政治,维护国家长治久安的客观需要出发,继承与发展邓小平法治思想,提出了"依法治国、建设社会主义法治国家"的治国方略;江泽民法治思想的核心和最高成就是依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家;其法治思想的具体内容包括加强立法、依法行政、司法改革、普法教育、发展法律服务业.     

骨顶鸡消化系统的解剖

通过观察描述骨项鸡消化系统各器官的解剖学特点,并与水禽、松鸡、雉鸡等的消化器官进行比较,发现与水禽相似,骨项鸡无嗉囊。骨顶鸡小肠占肠道总长的70％,盲肠占肠道总长的14％,松鸡科小肠占肠道总长的45％～49％,畜肠占肠道总长46％～49％,雉鸡小肠占肠道总长71％,盲肠占24％；从这些数据可以看出,骨项鸡小肠占肠道总长的比例居中,但盲肠短。     

论股权分置改革中的分类表决制度

分类表决制度是我国证券市场的一大制度革新。随着我国股权分置改革的全面推进，分类表决制度也发挥着越来越重要的作用，它赋予流通股股东更多自我保护的权益，对股权分置改革起到有力的推动作用；同时，它也存在着不容忽视的局限性。文中通过具体分析，提出一些建议以供参考。