Effects of calcium on cadmium uptake and transport in the tree species Gamblea innovans

The effect of calcium (Ca) on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in plants was investigated using Gamblea innovans Sieb. & Zucc., a deciduous tree species that is an accumulator plant for Cd and zinc (Zn). Saplings of G. innovans were grown for 3 months and fed with solutions containing only Ca (+Ca), both Ca and Cd (Ca+Cd), or only Cd (+Cd). The Ca concentration in roots was higher in both treatments containing Cd alone (+Cd) and Ca+Cd compared to roots treated with Ca alone (+Ca). In addition, the Cd concentration in roots was higher in the Ca+Cd treatment than the Cd treatment. This showed that the presence of Ca²⁺ in the rhizosphere relates with Cd uptake into roots. The result that the transport of Cd from roots through stem to leaves was suppressed by Ca treatment indicates that the presence of Ca regulates Cd transport from the roots. A clear correlation between Cd and Zn concentrations in leaves suggests a possibility that the Cd treatment accelerates the transport of Zn into leaves via the same protein transporter in this species.     

Cadmium accumulation in Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore (Compositae) in heavy-metal polluted soils and Cd-added conditions in hydroponic and pot cultures

Abstract

We have identified Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore (Compositae) as a cadmium (Cd)-accumulator plant in a heavy-metal polluted environment. In soil polluted with Cd, 5.7–17.5 mg kg^?1 Cd, concentrations in the above-ground plant tissues were measured as 14.6–78.6 mg kg^?1 with transfer factors in the above-ground plant tissues (concentration in above-ground tissues/soil concentration) of 1.5–6.0. No other toxic heavy metals or plant micronutrients were found to have accumulated into the above-ground plant tissues. In a hydroponic culture with 1 µmol L^?1 Cd added to Hoagland's nutrient solution, Cd concentration in the above-ground plant tissues was 121.0 mg kg^?1, with a transfer factor of more than 1000. In a pot culture carried out for 9 weeks in a greenhouse, the highest Cd concentration in the above-ground plant tissues, 121.2 mg kg^?1, was found in a treatment with 5 mg kg^?1 Cd, whereas the highest Cd content in an above-ground plant tissue, 106.1 µg, was found in a treatment with 2 mg kg^?1 Cd. These results clearly showed that C. crepidioides is a Cd accumulator. In all samples, the Cd concentration in the above-ground plant tissues was higher than that in the roots. The results obtained in the present study show that this plant has a strong potential for use in phytoremediation in farm fields contaminated with Cd.     

EDTA-Enhanced Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soil by Corn

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation by corn (Zea mays L.) of soil supplemented with 500 mg L^?1 lead (Pb) was examined. The chelate EDTA was used in order to increase Pb bioavailability at four levels: 0 (control), 0.5 (low), 1.0 (medium), and 2.5 mmol kg^?1 (high). Plants were grown under controlled conditions in a growth-chamber with supplementary light. An EDTA concentration of 5.0 mmol kg^?1 was lethal to plants. At high and medium EDTA levels plants grew significantly less than control ones. Lead concentrations in corn leaves increased with increased EDTA levels. Plants subjected to medium EDTA level had the greatest root to shoot Pb translocation. Plants subjected to high EDTA level showed high phosphorus (P) uptake and translocation within plants. Therefore, possibly it was not only Pb that caused toxic effect on plants, but also the high internal concentration of P that in turn could have complexed active Fe.     

Phytoextraction Potential of Indian Mustard at Various Levels of Zinc Exposure

ABSTRACT

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Czern.) has the potential to extract zinc (Zn) and other metals from contaminated soils, but the potential to accumulate metals at different levels of exposure is not well documented. The objectives of this research were to assess plant growth and Zn accumulation for different metal-accumulating accessions of Indian mustard grown with various Zn concentrations. In the experiment, three accessions of Indian mustard (426308, 182921, and 211000) were supplied with 12 levels of Zn (ranging from 0.0 to 7.0 mg L^?1) for three weeks in solution culture. Accession 426308 had a greater capacity for dry-mass accumulation than the others, but differences among accessions lessened as the concentration of Zn in solution increased. Accessions did not differ in Zn concentrations in shoots, but accession 426308 had a greater potential to accumulate Zn than the other accessions. Elevating the Zn supply in solutions had a limited effect on increasing the total Zn accumulation of shoots. Plants suffered Zn-induced iron (Fe) deficiency if the Zn concentration in solution exceeded 2.0 mg Zn L^?1. The level of Zn tolerance of Indian mustard accessions was: 211000 > 182921 > 426308. Maximum Zn accumulation in shoots was approximately 5.0 mg Zn per plant. The phytoextraction potential of Indian mustard may be limited under Zn-contaminated conditions by nutrient disorders and toxic effects of Zn that suppress growth.     

超富集植物与能源植物间作对Cd、Pb、Zn累积的影响

间作模式是实现重金属污染土壤边修复边生产的重要措施。通过盆栽实验,研究了超富集植物(少花龙葵、翅果菊)与能源植物(皇草、甜高粱)间作对Cd、Pb、Zn污染土壤修复的影响。结果表明,间作对土壤有机质没有显著影响,但能提高土壤中有效态Cd、Pb、Zn含量。与单作相比,间作显著增加了少花龙葵和翅果菊的生物量,而显著降低了两能源植物生物量。所有处理中,少花龙葵与皇草间作处理显著提高了皇草地上部Cd和Zn含量,翅果菊与皇草间作显著提高了两植物地上部Cd和Zn含量。此外,翅果菊与皇草间作显著增加了单株植物地上部Cd和Zn的累积。单盆中Cd和Zn累积量最大的是翅果菊与皇草间作处理(Cd为397.65μg·盆~(-1),Zn为4 169.42μg·盆~(-1)),其次为少花龙葵与皇草间作;少花龙葵与皇草间作对Pb累积量最大(Pb为158.28μg·盆~(-1)),翅果菊与皇草间作对Pb累积量为98.17μg·盆~(-1)。研究表明,翅果菊与皇草间作和少花龙葵与皇草间作可以显著提高Cd、Pb、Zn污染土壤的植物修复潜力。     

内生菌-植物联合修复污染土壤研究进展

环境污染对生态系统及人类健康造成严重威胁。近年来,许多学者研究发现内生菌联合植物修复体系对修复自然环境中的重金属和有机物具有巨大的潜力。本文主要从内生菌联合植物进行污染修复的机理和应用两方面入手,介绍了内生菌接种宿主植物根、茎、叶部的几种方法及定殖的检测方法,总结了污染土壤中内生菌在植物组织内的定殖动态,以及内生菌-植物联合体系强化有机物污染和重金属污染修复效果的应用,并从内生菌调节生长因子、生物固氮和溶磷、在宿主植物体内的共代谢有机物、产生特异性酶降解有机物、提升植物对重金属抗性和降低重金属毒性几个方面解释了内生菌和植物的联合修复机理。最后指出,虽然已经有许多对于内生菌联合植物修复体系的研究,但是目前两者相互作用机理尚未完全清楚,对于多种内生菌组合体系以及处理水体和大气污染的研究并不完善,这些都将成为今后的研究重点。     

外源柠檬酸对3种观赏植物吸收和转运镉的影响

为了探究柠檬酸与植物联合修复镉污染土壤的效果,采用盆栽试验,研究外源柠檬酸的添加对萱草(Hemerocallis fulva)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum Maxim.)和美人蕉(Canna indica L.)3种观赏植物修复镉污染土壤的影响.结果表明:(1)与CK和未添加柠檬酸处理组相比,柠檬酸添加显著降低了土壤的pH值.(2)柠檬酸的添加显著改善了萱草、鸢尾和美人蕉的生长状况,植物的株高、根长和生长量最大值均出现在添加柠檬酸中浓度镉污染(Tm)处理中,其单株生物量最高值分别为13.97、23.92和56.95 g.(3)在CK和未添加柠檬酸处理组中,萱草、鸢尾和美人蕉的地上部分镉含量低于地下部分,其差值变化范围分别为-5.09～-41.06、-6.44～-49.77和-15.35～-53.80mg·kg-1;而柠檬酸的添加促进了地下部分镉向地上部分的转移,使地上部分镉含量高于地下部分,其差值变化范围分别为9.98～42.50、9.51～44.93和16.10～47.59 mg·kg-1.(4)萱草、鸢尾和美人蕉3种观赏植物在添加柠檬酸处理组中的转运系数大于1,显著增加了植株地上部分的镉积累量,且美人蕉的地上部分和地下部分镉积累量明显高于萱草和鸢尾,其最高值分别为7 603.39和1 545.60 μg·株-1.综上所述,萱草、鸢尾和美人蕉3种观赏植物均可作为土壤镉污染修复植物使用,添加柠檬酸可有效提高3种观赏植物对镉污染土壤的修复效率.美人蕉由于植株高大和块状根茎的特性,使其表现出比萱草和鸢尾更强大的镉修复能力.     

高镉累积水稻对镉污染农田的修复潜力

为探究高镉累积水稻品种扬稻6号和玉珍香对镉污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过大田小区试验,测定6个不同生育期(返青、分蘖、孕穗、齐穗、蜡熟、完熟)5个部位(根、茎0～10 cm、茎10～20 cm、茎20 cm以上和谷)稻草的镉含量,开展高镉累积水稻镉累积规律、移除时间和移除高度研究。结果表明,水稻扬稻6号和玉珍香各部位镉含量随生育期的延长而增加,孕穗期增幅最大,完熟期达到最大值,在同一时期不同部位镉含量分布随株高呈递减趋势;完熟期,水稻品种扬稻6号和玉珍香的根、茎0～10 cm、茎10～20 cm、茎20 cm以上部分和谷中镉含量分别为19.3、11.8、9.4、8.1和3.9mg/kg与19.5、16.3、14.3、9.7和3.7 mg/kg,其对应的镉富集系数均大于1,对镉表现出高积累特性;稻草镉的移除含量在全育期均表现从大到小依次为整株收割、地上部全收割、离地10 cm收割、离地20 cm收割,完熟期整株移除情况下,扬稻6号稻草镉累积移除含量达1 652.11μg/株,玉珍香稻草镉累积移除含量达1 547.70μg/株;一年种植一季水稻扬稻6号和玉珍香,整株移除情况下土壤镉移除效率分别为9.1%和8.5%,地上部全移除情况下土壤镉移除效率分别为7.2%和7.1%。因此为兼顾水稻移除修复效果和可操作性,建议稻草在完熟后按地上部全收割的方式移除。研究结果可为镉污染稻田的植物修复治理提供新的思路。     

重金属污染的治理及重金属对水生植物的影响

水体重金属污染已经成为一个日益严重的环境问题,了解水体重金属污染原理、处理水体重金属,已经成为一个必须解决的课题。综述了重金属的来源,在国内外的污染现状,以及具体的治理方法,分析了各种方法的优缺点。在所有的方法中,利用水生植物修复是最有潜力的。并重点讨论了常见重金属离子对水生植物的影响,包括重金属对水生植物伤害的作用机理、毒害途径及其影响水生植物吸收重金属的因素,统计了水生植物对重金属离子的耐受上限。     

砷污染土壤的植物修复研究进展

植物修复是目前世界研究的热点,也是治理砷污染土壤的主要手段之一。综述了国内外对砷污染土壤植物修复在超累积植物开发、修复机理及修复技术的应用等方面的研究进展,并对该领域存在的问题和今后的发展趋势作了具体的分析,以期为砷污染区进行植物修复提供理论性参考。