“稻鱼共生系统”全球重要农业文化遗产价值研究

浙江青田县的“稻鱼共生系统”作为全球首批重要农业文化遗产,不仅具有提高农业生产收入,降低生产成本,产生相关经济效益等经济价值;同时,作为一种复合农业生态系统,还具有突出的生态价值,如维持农田生态平衡、保护农田生态环境、保护生物多样性等。另外,“稻鱼共生系统”还具有社会价值、文化价值、科研价值和示范价值。这些价值的研究对农业文化遗产的保护和合理开发利用具有重要意义。     

保水剂对混剂土特性的影响

为了解保水剂施入土壤后对土壤性质的影响,促进保水剂在抗旱节水中的合理应用。在河北农业大学实验基地,对青海“绿宝”公司提供的3种剂型保水剂施入土壤后的混剂土进行土壤水分常数、密度、pH值、土壤膨胀率和土壤硬度等性能测定。结果表明：保水剂能显著提高土壤中的土壤水分常数和土壤孔隙度,但混剂土的土壤密度减小;保水剂能明显提高土壤的膨胀性能65％-170％;保水剂加入土壤后对土壤的pH值影响较小;在土壤大量失水后,保水剂能明显降低土壤坚实度,对照土壤的硬度是混剂土硬度的5．2—32．9倍。     

北京百花山落叶阔叶林群落的物种多样性特征

应用物种丰富度、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Alatalo均匀度指数研究北京百花山落叶阔叶林中3种群落的物种多样性特征。结果表明：1）群落总体的多样性特征为黑桦-柔毛绣线菊-野青茅＋矮紫苞鸢尾群丛的物种丰富度最大,核桃楸-绒毛绣线菊-蓝萼香茶菜＋大油芒群丛的多样性指数最大,辽东栎-小花溲疏-披针苔草群丛均匀度指数最大;2）不同生长型的物种多样性特征为,草本层的物种丰富度、多样性指数大于灌木层和乔木层,均匀度指数的变化规律为灌木层〉草本层〉乔木层;3）乔木层与草本层、灌木层与草本层间的丰富度指数、多样性指数均有极显著差异,乔木层与灌木层、乔木层与草本层间的Pielou均匀度指数有显著差异。     

Extraction and characterization of soil hydrogenases oxidizing atmospheric hydrogen

Soils are the largest sink of atmospheric hydrogen contributing about 75% to the total budget. Atmospheric H₂ is assumed to be oxidized in soil by abiontic soil hydrogenases. Extraction of a forest soil with a slightly alkaline (pH 8.5) buffer containing polyethylene glycol (PEG), followed by filtration yielded a bacteria-free extract that oxidized H₂ at ambient concentrations (0.2–2.0 ppmv). Hydrogenase activity was assayed by gas chromatographic analysis of H₂ consumption and by conversion of ³H₂ to tritiated water. Only less than 2% of the original activity was recovered in the extract. Kinetic analysis nevertheless resulted in a biphasic kinetics exhibiting two K_m and V_max values that were similar to those detected in the original soil. In addition, activities of both original soil and soil extract showed similar optima at pH 4–6 and at 30 °C, indicating that representative fractions of soil hydrogenases were recovered in the extract. Precipitation with PEG or ultrafiltration allowed further purification of the activity, albeit only about 20% of that in the crude extract could be recovered in the precipitate or the fraction >100 kDa.     

The influence of soil properties on the structure of bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types

Land-use change can have significant impacts on soil conditions and microbial communities are likely to respond to these changes. However, such responses are poorly characterized as few studies have examined how specific changes in edaphic characteristics do, or do not, influence the composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types. Soil samples were collected from four replicated (n = 3) land-use types (hardwood and pine forests, cultivated and livestock pasture lands) in the southeastern US to assess the effects of land-use change on microbial community structure and distribution. We used quantitative PCR to estimate bacterial–fungal ratios and clone libraries targeting small-subunit rRNA genes to independently characterize the bacterial and fungal communities. Although some soil properties (soil texture and nutrient status) did significantly differ across land-use types, other edaphic factors (e.g., pH) did not vary consistently with land-use. Bacterial–fungal ratios were not significantly different across the land-uses and distinct land-use types did not necessarily harbor distinct soil fungal or bacterial communities. Rather, the composition of bacterial and fungal communities was most strongly correlated with specific soil properties. Soil pH was the best predictor of bacterial community composition across this landscape while fungal community composition was most closely associated with changes in soil nutrient status. Together these results suggest that specific changes in edaphic properties, not necessarily land-use type itself, may best predict shifts in microbial community composition across a given landscape. In addition, our results demonstrate the utility of using sequence-based approaches to concurrently analyze bacterial and fungal communities as such analyses provide detailed phylogenetic information on individual communities and permit the robust assessment of the biogeographical patterns exhibited by soil microbial communities.     

Diurnal and seasonal water variations of temperature,pH, redox potential and conductivity in gnammas (weathering pits): Implications for chemical weathering

A gnamma or weathering pit is a small-sized cavity sculpted into solid rock which refills with rainwater. This study describes the main hydrological processes in gnammas and the underlying chemical interactions with the environment. Four gnammas developed in a granite tor from central Spain were chosen for monitoring and studying the dynamics of the gnamma–water system. Parameters monitored were air and water temperature, pH, ORP (redox potential), and conductivity. These measurements describe the system dynamics, without the need for special sampling or other potential interferences under low water volumes. Additionally, chemical analyses were carried out to contrast the chemical properties with the chemical composition. As a consequence of water volumes less than 100 L, daily fluctuations tended to cause the largest amplitude changes. Photosynthesis and respiration/putrefaction processes in the gnamma are responsible for daily pH fluctuations up to 4 units, with pH values often greater than 9. ORP generally alternates from positive to negative values as the solution oscillates diurnally between basic and acidic conditions. Conductivity values ∼ 10 μS/cm occur most of the year, with only minor daily oscillations. During dry periods, conductivity increases significantly with maximum values > 400 μS/cm. These high conductivity values reflect atmospheric inputs by summer rainstorms after prolonged dry periods. Therefore, conductivity does not relate directly with chemical species dissolved from the host rock. Silica was the main weathering product of granite dissolution during the year, with highest concentrations (> 200 ppm) in the rainy season. Low Si values measured during the dry season are in accordance with observed precipitation of amorphous silica within the gnamma. Seasonal variations in concentration are also present in Al and Fe as a response to ORP variations and evaporative dynamics, causing mineral dissolution and new mineral precipitation during the year. Relations among the measured parameters are influenced by several factors, including biological processes, temperature effects and water level variations. Factors such as large pH oscillations, basic pH values, acids from biological activity, and alkali cations all increase silicate solubility, thus favoring granite dissolution. Overflow of water during the winter, when the water is chemically enriched, is an effective mechanism to remove weathering products.     

河西农田养分投入产出平衡的长期定位研究

通过长期定位试验和作物养分含量分析,确定了河西地区小麦、玉米生产上测土配方施肥的可靠养分吸收参数,系统研究了河西灌区农田主要养分投入产出状况.连续24 a研究结果表明,长期连施化肥(NP,NPK)土壤氮素投入产出盈余率前期(1982-1990年)为8.6%～19.1%,最高时期(1997-2005年)的表观盈余率平均为29.0%～48.5%,扣除氮素损失后为负平衡;磷素化肥投产始终为正平衡,平均盈余率为57.4%～68.3%.钾素化肥投入不抵作物携带量,投产为负平衡.平均盈余率为-58.7%.说明连施化肥氮、钾养分投入不足.有机肥与化学肥料长期配合平衡施用(MNP,MNPK),氮素平均盈余率56.3%～61.5%,扣除氮素损失后为正平衡,盈余率平均为9.4%～10.9%;磷素投产为正平衡,平均盈余率高达249.9%～265.7%;钾素投产为负平衡,平均亏缺19.9%.有机肥连施钾素亏缺45.0%.增施化学钾肥,适量减少化学磷肥,保持氮素化肥投入水平,配施有机肥是科学的平衡施肥技术.     

金沙江攀枝花河段生态系统服务功能价值计算

本文应用市场价值法、旅行费用法和替代工程法等方法和前人的研究成果,对金沙江攀枝花河段的生态系统服务功能价值进行了计算。计算得出金沙江攀枝花河段的生态系统服务功能经济价值总量为280．62亿元／a,相当于攀枝花市2003年GDP的1．11倍,其中河流生态系统服务功能价值约为河流生态系统产品功能价值的28．45倍。各项功能的价值量中。贮水功能的价值量最大,为268．27亿元／a;提供生境的功能价值量最小。为0．02亿元／a。经过分析。所研究河段的贮水功能是其核心服务功能。因此,在河流管理中既要考虑到核心功能的发挥,又要兼顾其他功能的支持作用得以实现,为生态环境保护和可持续发展战略的实施提供重要的决策依据。     

元谋干热河谷土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响(简报)

为了研究土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响,该文以金沙江干熟河谷的元谋县为例,采用遥感与地理信息系统技术,利用LANDSAT TM影像,分析从1986～2000年间的土地利用变化情况,根据谢高地的生态服务价值系数对区域土地利用类型的生态系统服务价值进行评估,并对其进行了敏感系数(CS)分析.结果表明:研究区在1986～2000年之间,耕地、草地、水域和未利用土地面积均呈现减少的趋势,而林地和建设用地面积呈增加趋势;元谋县2000年的生态系统服务价值比1986年有所提高,土地利用变化使研究区生态资产增加了0.0399亿元,这主要是林地面积增加以及林地的生态价值系数最高的原因所至;敏感性系数分析表明本研究采用的谢高地生态价值系数是合理的.     

基于自适应ARMA模型的区域农业总产值构成研究与应用

由于噪声的存在并随时间累积,传统的自回归滑动平均模型(ARMA模型)不能直接应用于时间序列的中期预测.该文针对这种情况,提出了一种自适应的自回归滑动平均模型,将模型状态划分为无噪声的迭代模型和有噪声的观察模型,并根据迭代模型的特点,详细推导并完整给出了它的迭代求解公式,以便使其可以用于时间序列的中期预测,同时研究1985～2001年黄淮海平原农业、牧业与渔业产值预测模型,得到较理想的预测结果.并用所建模型对2001年产值进行外延预测,以期为区域农业结构调整提供理论依据.