环境因子对广西典型岩溶区土壤温度空间结构的影响

[目的]探索空间异质性较大的岩溶区的土壤温度空间自相关尺度及其空间结构,分析影响典型岩溶区土壤温度空间结构的主要环境因子。[方法]应用经典统计学方法与"3S"技术。[结果]不同深度土壤温度的空间分布均存在高度的正向全局空间自相关和明显的空间聚集区,各深度土壤温度的空间孤立区分布较少;影响不同深度土壤温度空间分异的环境因子排序为:土壤厚度坡度植被覆盖度高程。[结论]土壤厚度对土壤温度的影响,实质上是岩溶环境的综合反映。坡度、高程等地形因子是造成土壤逆温结构的主要影响因素。此外,土壤温度的空间分异还会受到植被覆盖"遮蔽作用"或"保温效应"的影响。     

丘陵漫岗黑土侵蚀区小流域综合治理开发标准的探讨

丘陵漫岗黑土侵蚀区小流域综合治理开发标准的探讨吴景才，吴萍，张丙友，王敬军（黑龙江省拜泉县水保办，１６４７００）在建立社会主义市场经济体制的新形势下，要发展以小流域治理开发为中心的水土保持工作，就必须抓住机遇，积极创造行业自身生存和发展的条件，把小流...     

A review of plant disease, pathogen interactions and microbial antagonism under conservation tillage in temperate humid agriculture

The advent of conservation tillage presents a need for a greater understanding of plant disease and disease interactions in temperate humid agriculture, where excessive crop residues, continuous moist soil conditions and soil compaction are potential constraints. In this review, biotic and abiotic factors, and aspects of microbial antagonism, which can influence plant disease development in the root zone, are characterized in the context of conservation tillage in humid climates.Soil densification and reduction in macroporosity can aggravate abiotic root disease. Changes in soil aeration and permeability status can alter the quantitative and qualitative differences between soil rhizofloral populations, and survival and distribution of pathogen inoculum. Further-more, anaerobic soil conditions can result in root-pathogen interactions leading to plant disease development. A good quality soil physical environment is an important indicator for root health under conservation tillage in humid climates.Conservation tillage tends to concentrate plant debris and consequently microbial biomass in the top 5 to 15 cm of soil, and thus promotes survival of pathogens. However, disease-causing microbes make up only a proportion of the rhizofloral population. Relatively high soil microbial activity can lead to competition effects that may ameliorate pathogen activity and survival, and counteract a high pathogen inoculum pressure. Microbial antagonism in the root zone can lead to the formation of disease-suppressive soils. This phenomenon, which is important for the adoption of conservation tillage in humid climates, can be influenced by soil and crop management practices, especially crop rotation.     

海岸带可持续发展的系统综合管理模式初探

海岸带（ＣｏａｓｔａｌＺｏｎｅ）作为一个调整运行的开放的生态系统，由于其所具有的突出的经济优势和区位优势，所以它的规划和管理，正成为近年来研究的热点。本文在简要讨论了海岸带及其资源可持续开发利用的基础上，提出了海岸带管理的整合模式——系统综合管理模式，并详细分析了海岸带系统综合管理模式的内容和方法。     

中国中亚热带荒漠化及其防治

我国中亚热带在自然条件下不会荒漠化。毁林开荒引起的严重水土流失是荒漠化产生、发展的罪魁祸首。荒漠化治理的根本途径是迅速恢复植被。对岩溶区行之有效的方法是进行长期的封禁治理,同时辅以人工补播、补植,且初期只能是灌草;对紫色土,应在水保造林基础上全面封禁;对丘陵红壤区,须通过人工种植重建植被并辅以封禁治理,首选树种是油茶;对低山红壤区,人工造林与封禁治理并举,有望5～10年取得成效;对岷江上游干旱河谷区,应在封禁基础上人工直播灌草,退耕地上也只能栽培灌丛保土。     

General Chemical Properties of Brown Forest Soils Developed from Different Parent Materials in the Submontane Zone of the Kanto and Chubu Districts, Japan

It is essential to analyze chemical properties including the amount of various materials and the soil colloid characteristics in forest soils to forecast wood production and the distribution of and variations in the environmental functions of forest soils, such as conservation of stream water and carbon sequestration. Approximately 70% of the forest soils in Japan consists of Brown Forest Soils (BFS), which are considered to be typical zonal soils under the humid-temperate and warm-temperate regime of Japan. BFS were subclassifled into several groups according to the soil moisture environment along the slope and morphological properties. However, even the same type of soil may display different properties depending on the climatic conditions, parent materials and vegetation types. In the present study, the variations in the carbon content, nitrogen content, cation exchange capacity and some properties depending on the parent materials, were clarified by using 34 sola of BFS, and 3 sola of black soils (BLS) for comparison, which were distributed in the submontane zone of the Kanto and Chubu districts in central Japan under the same climatic conditions. We observed differences in the pH, cation exchange capacity, base saturation and clay content among BFS samples derived from various parent materials. The BFS derived from volcanic ash contained obviously larger amounts of carbon and nitrogen than the BFS derived from other parent materials. However, the BFS derived from volcanic ash differed from the BLS derived from volcanic ash in the vertical distribution pattern of carbon and nitrogen. Thus, even in the submontane zone of the Kanto and Chubu districts, the chemical properties of BFS varied considerably with the parent materials. It was concluded that the classification of BFS by the parent materials was useful for evaluating the ability of the BFS, that cover 70% of the forests in Japan, to store various materials.     

泉州海岸带自然灾害易损性的模糊综合分析与评判

以泉州海岸带作为研究对象,选取10个因子组成自然灾害和社会经济两个子系统,建立二级模糊综合评判模型对泉州海岸带自然灾害易损性进行了综合评判。结果表明：泉州市自然灾害的易损性总体偏高,海岸带易损性等级高于全市平均水平;海岸带内易损性等级总体上随着距海里程的增加而降低,但在内部还呈现中部地区较其他区域易损性等级偏低的情况。并且结合区域实际情况对综合评判的结果进行了分析。     

柴达木荒漠地带生态建设规划与模式设计——以德令哈市荒漠类退化草场建设为例

以柴达木盆地德令哈市为例,对荒漠土地的特点、生态建设中存在的问题及生态环境退化原因进行了系统分析,认为建设与治理要遵循自然规律,因地制宜,科学规划。以土地适宜性评价为突破口,开发利用当地植物资源;结合当地自然条件,在通用的镶嵌法和林草复合法的基础上,对建设模式又作了精心设计,特别是在退化草场原生植被的保护上创造性地采用了团-带-鱼鳞格镶嵌法,建设效果和生态功能均有一定提高,从而为建设柴达木荒漠化草场奠定了基础。     

重庆市主城区降雨侵蚀力计算方法与特征研究

在修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)的基础上,结合主城区的特点,对方程的计算方法进行了修正,在计算时采用降雨量≥25mm并且降雨强度≥10mm/h的数据筛选条件,从而得出更符合该区域的R值,这对主城区的水土流失量的估算有十分重要的意义。根据主城区独特的自然地理特征,本文建立适合重庆市主城区的降雨侵蚀力计算模型,使之能够在主城区复杂的自然地理环境条件下应用,在缺乏详细降水资料的情况下,该模型具有较强的实用性。     

三峡水库消落区土壤胶体对Cd在土壤中迁移的影响

选取三峡水库消落区典型土壤,即紫色土、黄壤、紫色潮土和灰棕潮土为研究对象,以相应土壤胶体、蒙脱石矿物的10 mg/L Cd(NO3)2淋洗液分别淋洗土柱,研究了水分散态胶体对镉在土柱中迁移的影响.添加上述胶体的镉淋洗液,在紫色土、黄壤、紫色潮土和灰棕潮土土柱中镉迁移量分别是对照的1.18～4.96,1.05～2.37,1.10～4.33,1.03～3.33倍.结果表明胶体能够促进镉离子在土层中的迁移,其迁移能力遵循紫色土胶体≥紫色潮土胶体＞灰棕潮土胶体＞蒙脱石胶体＞黄壤胶体的规律.由此得出,胶体吸附态镉的迁移能力取决于胶体类型和土柱性质.