林业专家系统软件开发测试方案的探讨

针对我国林业专家系统设计特点和研究中存在的问题,讨论了林业专家系统软件规范性测试的若干问题.从数据库测试、知识库测试、人工智能领域的测试、维护、健壮性测试等角度,分析研究软件测试技术在开发林业专家系统的应用及重要作用,并通过一个林业专家系统测试实例提出了一套全新的软件测试方案.     

Effects of understorey vegetation on tree establishment and growth in a silvopastoral system in northern Greece

The interaction between understorey plants and trees in a young silvopastoral system was studied in a sub-humid Mediterranean environment with cold winters in northern Greece. The experimental design was a split-split plot with three replications and included: three understorey treatments (grass, legume and control), two tree species (Acer pseudoplatanus and Pinus sylvestris) and two spacings (2.5×2.5 m and 3.5×3.5 m). The competition between herbaceous plants and trees resulted in significant differentiation in tree growth while their spacing did not produce any significant differences. The influence of trees on herbage yield either by plant species or spacing was not significant. During the early stages of establishment, a significant positive correlation was observed between sycamore growth and soil moisture, leaf weight, leaf area and leaf number as well as nitrogen and potassium concentration in leaves. Six years after planting the height increase of the sycamore trees was largest in the control treatment (415%), lowest in the grass treatment (134%) and intermediate (192%) in the legume treatment. Much higher was the increase obtained for the diameter, 161%, 207% and 536% respectively for the grass, legume and control treatments. The Scots pine trees grew faster than sycamore over the course of the experiment. Height increased by 397%, 351% and 400% and diameter by 518%, 443% and 683% respectively for the grass, legume and control treatments. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

林火在空间上的波动性及其区域化行为

应用美国阿拉斯加州1950-2000年,加利福尼亚州1895-2001年及中国黑龙江省1980-1999年林火数据,分别计算出每年火灾发生的火场质心的经纬度坐标,用波谱分析研究其质心随年份的波动现象.结果表明:3个区域的林火的火场质心分别以一定的分布中心呈波动状态,其中火场质心在阿拉斯加州的分布中心为151.11°W、64.96°N,在加利福尼亚州的分布中心为120.02°W、37.11°N,在黑龙江省的分布中心为127.07°E、49.59°N.火场质心在美国阿拉斯加州和加利福尼亚州经度方向上均具有较强的周期性,阿拉斯加州的林火火场质心在经度方向的周期为4.2 a和6.25 a;加利福尼亚州的林火火场质心在经度方向上的波动周期为6.24 a和106 a.黑龙江省的林火火场质心在经纬度方向均具有较为明显的波动性,其周期为3.3 a和6.67 a.而阿拉斯加州和加利福尼亚州的林火火场质心在纬度方向上不具有周期性,林火发生以低频率的大面积火灾为主.     

合理年采伐量信息管理系统

为了配合“十一五”期间年森林采伐限额的编制工作,开发了合理年采伐量信息管理系统,本系统对于未来我国森林资源的经营管理和林业建设有着重要意义。以科学发展观和可持续发展的理念统领和指导编限工作,立足资源、国情、林情,求真务实,统筹协调,编制出符合我国实际、科学、合理的“十一五”期间的年森林采伐限额。本系统是对采伐限额的编制的全自动管理,实现了从数据输入、校对、档案管理、统计计算、打印输出一体的信息管理,各级间的数据也可通过磁盘或网络传输,大大地提高了信息的实效性和准确性。     

Kebon tatangkalan: a disappearing agroforest in the Upper Citarum Watershed,West Java,Indonesia

A comprehensive study was carried out on a typical indigenous agroforestry system, called kebon tatangkalan, in the changing agricultural landscape of the Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. The main objectives of the study are to elucidate the structural patterns, multidimensional functions, and dynamics of this multi-layered agroforest. The study has identified 12 groups of different plant assemblages indicating that this type of agroforest contributes considerably to the heterogeneity of the agricultural landscape in the study area. Multivariate analysis suggests that elevation and slope are the biophysical factors that correlate most significantly with the distribution of plant species in kebon tatangkalan. The presence of this man-made vegetation is currently declining from the landscape due to population growth and rapid regional economic development. Serious effort to revitalize this traditional agroforest is needed to prevent its disappearance. Introduction of highly productive species and establishment of integrated policies in regional land-use planning and management are measures that should be taken into account in preserving this traditional agroforestry system.     

森林防火指挥系统、ArcGIS和Google Earth结合在新一轮退耕还林工程中的应用

在永平县新一轮退耕还林工程作业设计和管理中,利用森林防火指挥系统、ArcGIS10.2和Google Earth的功能优势互补、取长补短,完成工程地块定位、落实勾绘、面积求算、编辑成图等工作。结果表明以上3种软件(系统)结合易学易用、工作效率高、成本低、结果准确、在无地形图识图能力的情况下也能进行工程小班、地块空间位置定位识别、管理。文章简述了地块勾绘,数据格式转换,创建自定义地理(坐标)变换,投影变换,设计小班、地块数据编辑成图的方法和步骤,以期在同类工程中得到应用。     

林业科技创新、推广与示范体系建设

论述了林业科技创新、推广与示范体系建设在林业开发中的重要性，总结了上饶市的实践经验与体会。     

内蒙古可持续发展指标体系设计及评价方法研究

通过对内蒙古可持续发展评价指标体系和方法的初步研究，设计出了包括可持续发展综合指数1个目标层、人口状况等5个准则层和人口自然增长率等28个评价指标的层次性指标体系，并利用均方差权数决策方法，对区域可持续发展进行全面分析和定量评价。     

Optimum planting density for Japanese oak (Quercus mongolica var.grosseserrata) based on spacing experiment with systematic design

A spacing experiment for Japanese oak (Quercus mongolica var.grosseserrata) with Nelder's design have been studied at the Kyushu University Forest in Hokkaido, since 1975. The oak seedlings were planted according to systematic spacings which were 20 levels varying gradually from 40,816 to 1,086 seedlings per hectare with concentric circular arcs (22 in number) and spokes (41 in number). In 1992 when the planted oak seedlings were 18-year-old, DBH, crown diameter, total height and clear length of the survival trees were measured. Based on the results obtained from analyzing the relationships between planting density and the mean values of each block, the optimum planting density should be 7,241 seedlings per hectare. The title is tentative translation from the original Japanese title by the authors of this paper.     

面向控制系统的系统逻辑分析和设计方法

本文应用离散事件系统（ＤＥＤＳ）对系统进行分析，求出了状态转移函数，找出了状态转移规律的给定模式，并根据结定模式的逻辑关系，匹配出梯形图程序．为实现系统分析和系统程序设计的规范化提供了依据．