两种山雀巢地选择的比较研究

对大山雀（Ｐａｒｕｓ ｍ，ａｊｏｒ）和沼泽山雀（Ｐ．ｐａｌｕｓｔｒｉｓ）巢地选择中１７个生态因子作了比较研究。通过逐乡判别分析得知：两种山雀在９个环境因子中都以平均树高，中心上层植物盖度和树种多样性三个生态因子判别力最强，为主要环境因子；两种山城８个洞因子中都以洞口短径，洞口内径和洞底短径三个生态因子判别力最强，为主要洞因子。     

Determinants of bird community composition on patches in the suburbs of Paris, France

The ecological processes responsible for the spatial assemblages of breeding bird communities in urban landscapes are more and more investigated. Indeed, understanding these processes is imperative to plan relevant management policies. We investigated breeding bird communities on 67 patches in the suburbs of Paris, France. We examined the role of patch characteristics and geographic distance between patches in determining similarity between bird assemblages. To do this, we proposed a new SØrensen similarity index based on estimators of change in community composition taking into account the detection probability of species. The patch occupancy by sedentary and migratory species was also estimated to compare their sensitivity to urbanization. Patches close to each other supported more similar bird assemblages, suggesting an effect of the spatial distribution of patches on bird dispersal and a posteriori on local community composition. Accounting for spatial location of patches, bird assemblage similarity was related to the similarity of the surrounding level of urbanization but not to the similarity of patch size or to the similarity of patch vegetation. The mean estimated occupancy rate of sedentary species was higher than that of migratory species in the whole study area. While sedentary species occupied patches surrounded by both moderate and high levels of urbanization, migratory ones primarily occupied patches surrounded by moderate levels of urbanization. Human choices in degrees, styles, and extent of urbanization, including designation and design of patches within an urban matrix, affect the composition of local bird communities.     

白冠长尾雉等鸟类感染大肠杆菌的诊治

通过对患病白冠长尾雉、红腹锦鸡、褐马鸡等观赏鸟类临床观察、剖检,并结合病原微生物分离培养、革兰氏染色镜检以及生化试验鉴定,初步诊断为大肠杆菌病.本次病例表明,不同品种观赏鸟类间可以相互感染大肠杆菌病,通过对症治疗,可以有效控制病情.     

荒漠地区鸟类群落结构及多样性分析——以金塔县为例

金塔县位于甘肃省酒泉地区东北部,地处我国西北内陆腹地。2009年6月～10月,对金塔鸟类的种类、数量、分布和生境等进行了多次科学调查。综合文献记载,得知金塔共有鸟类61种,隶14目,28科,46属。其中留鸟11种,夏候鸟37种,旅鸟13种,国家重点保护鸟类8种。鸟类区系以古北界成分为主,占繁殖鸟总数的65.2%;东洋界...     

Effects of grazing practices and fossorial rodents on a winter avian community in Chihuahua, Mexico

Chihuahuan Desert grasslands are important wintering grounds for grassland and shrub-adapted birds. Many species belonging to these assemblages are currently exhibiting population declines. One area recognized for its importance to biological diversity, including grassland birds, is the Janos-Nuevo Casas Grandes black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) complex in northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, an area containing 58 colonies with 30,000 ha of prairie dogs. This is one of the largest remaining prairie dog complexes and the only intact complex in the Chihuahuan Desert. In its current condition, a large percentage of this complex is of reduced value to wildlife. Overgrazing on communal (ejido) lands has resulted in areas being comprised of annual grasses and forbs. The density of active prairie dog burrows and banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) mounds as well as avian diversity and abundance were lower on ejido lands than an adjacent private ranchland with and without prairie dogs. Few avian species used overgrazed portions of the prairie dog colony. Community similarity among plot types was low due to different management practices and differences on and off colony. To retain, and in many instances restore the biological diversity of this important region it is essential to work with local ejidos on grazing management.     

Do regional gradients in land-use influence richness, composition and turnover of bird assemblages in small woods?

Small patches of natural or semi-natural habitat have an important role in the conservation of biodiversity in human-dominated environments. The values of such areas are determined by attributes of the patch as well as its context in the surrounding land mosaic. There is a need for better understanding of the ways in which assemblages are influenced by patch context and the scale over which this occurs. Here we examine the influence of regional environmental gradients on the richness, annual turnover and composition of breeding bird species in small woods in south-eastern England. Regional gradients were defined independently of woods by an ordination of attributes for 5 km × 5 km landscape units across a 2100 km² region. Patch-level attributes, particularly area, were the most important predictors for most bird variables. For woodland migrants and woodland-dependent species, variables representing the context of each wood, either at a local or regional scale, explained significant additional variance in species richness after accounting for wood area, but did not do so for species turnover. Significant context effects for woodland-dependent species related to the extent of hedges and woodland cover in the local vicinity (<1 km radius), whereas for woodland seasonal migrants the best predictors of richness after patch area were two regional environmental gradients. The initial cue to settlement for migrants may be at a coarse regional scale, with selection for suitable landscapes that have a greater extent of woodland cover. Edge species showed different responses: they were influenced by the diversity of structural features in woods, and were a more-dominant component of the avifauna in isolated woods in open fenland environments of the region. Significant relationships between coarse regional gradients (25 km² units) and bird assemblages in small woods (0.5-30 ha) suggest that population and community processes in the avifauna operate across a broader scale than local patch neighbourhoods. They also highlight the importance of adopting a landscape or regional perspective on potential changes to land-use in rural environments, and on the conservation management of small reserves.     

鸟兽与红松更新关系的研究评述

红松因为自身的特点要依赖鸟兽完成天然更新，鸟兽从球果中取出种子埋藏以备食物缺乏时用，分散埋藏的大量贮点中未被重新发现的种子在条件适合时萌发为幼苗，幼苗的生长继续受到鸟兽的影响，本文评述了目前的研究状况，指出不足并展望了未来的研究前景。     

长沙黑麋峰冬季鸟类资源调查及多样性分析

通过对黑麋峰森林公园鸟类资源的初步调查,共鉴定鸟类28种,隶属于5个目,15个科,25个属。公园内的Shannon-Wiener指数为0.864 6,均匀度指数为0.597 5。同时,用G-F指数对该地区鸟类的科与属的多样性指数进行了分析,得出G指数为1.374 5,F指数为1.586 2,G-F指数为0.133 5。与湖南其它几个地区的鸟类多样性相比,黑麋峰的鸟类多样性较低,并进一步分析了其鸟类多样性低的原因。     

Metapopulation theory and habitat fragmentation: a review of holarctic breeding bird studies

Metapopulations are conceived as spatially structured populations consisting of distinct units (subpopulations), separated by space or barriers, and connected by dispersal movements. Metapopulations characteristically demonstrate a turnover of local populations going extinct and becoming re-established, resulting in a distribution pattern that shifts over time. Metapopulation theory is used to analyse the effects of habitat fragmentation on birds in the temperate zone, integrating various explanations for the paucity of species in isolated ecotopes.There is some evidence that turnover of local populations occurs in fragmented systems. A few studies based on time series demonstrate the local extinction rate to be related to the size of the habitat fragment, whereas the recolonization rate depends on the degree of isolation. Most evidence comes from short-term pattern studies in which the probability of occurrence was found to depend on the size of habitat fragments, on their relative position in the landscape and on the density of corridors lowering the landscape resistance. These data are consistent with predictions from metapopulation theory. However, almost all investigations consider wood fragmentation in agricultural landscapes, and there is a great need for studies in naturally fragmented landscapes as well as for studies focussing on other, less predictable, habitat types.     

Vertebrate distributions relative to clear-cut edges in a boreal forest landscape

Clearcutting is the main method of harvesting boreal forests, to some extent mimicking natural disturbances by fire and wind-felling. Effects of clearcutting on vertebrate fauna in managed forests was examined by small mammal trapping in spring and autumn, winter censuses of mammal snow tracks and censuses of birds in spring and summer in one central and one edge (125 m) section of large clearcuts and mature forests, respectively. There was a separate clearcut fauna, at least on large clearcuts, that was well distinguished from the forest fauna. There was not any physiognomic ecotone but the forest fauna showed a marked edge effect with larger numbers of many species in the peripheral parts of the forest. In the forests examined, with a Western European bird fauna, there were no typical interior forest species, in contrast to northern taiga forests. The present forest species easily changed distributions seasonally and according to variations in snow conditions and food abundance. Such generalist species in the boreal forest will therefore vary considerably in local density according to landscape composition but will also show large-scale persistence. They may have been selected for as a result of man's restructuring of temperate and boreal landscapes, e.g. by forest management. Edge effects seem to arise for several reasons but will probably only apply to generalist species.