西宁盆地黄土区坡形及植被类型对坡面土壤入渗影响

为进一步探讨青藏高原东北部黄土区草本植物护坡机理,选取西宁盆地长岭沟流域自建试验区,通过设计2种不同坡形和选取适宜当地气候条件生长的3种草本植物,采用野外试验区人工模拟降雨方法,首先分析了坡面土壤水文参数(土壤入渗、坡面土体含水量)分布变化,进而探讨了影响种植草本坡面土壤水分入渗的主要因素与特征,最后对坡面土壤水分入渗过程进行模型模拟与评价。结果表明:种植垂穗披碱草阶梯形边坡产流时间相对最晚,直形裸坡阶段产流量最大,其最大阶段累积径流量在降雨试验40~45 min时,为17 730 mL;2种坡形边坡坡面平均稳定入渗速率由大到小依次为阶梯形种植垂穗披碱草边坡(0.519 mm/min)、直形垂穗披碱草边坡(0.423 mm/min)、直形老芒麦边坡(0.422 mm/min)、直形细茎冰草边坡(0.318 mm/min)、阶梯形裸坡(0.321 mm/min)和直形裸坡(0.192 mm/min),且种植垂穗披碱草和老芒麦边坡土体含水量在地表以下0—50 cm增幅相对最高,说明种植草本有助于边坡土体内部水分入渗。在此基础上,采用Horton模型、Kostiakov模型和通用经验模型进行坡面土壤水分入渗模拟,结果表明直形边坡土壤水分入渗过程以Horton模型和通用经验模型的拟合效果相对较为理想;阶梯形边坡则以Horton模型得到的土壤水分入渗拟合效果相对最优;最后,通过Pearson相关性分析得出,区内边坡土壤水分入渗特性主要影响因素为土壤有机质与植被覆盖度,且土壤有机质与初始入渗率间呈显著正相关关系(R²为0.986),植被覆盖度与稳定入渗率间则呈极显著相关关系(R²为0.997)。研究结果对于科学有效防治高寒半干旱区水土流失以及研究不同植被类型及坡形水土保持能力具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

玉米地膜复合覆盖栽培技术

地膜覆盖栽培是有效保持寒旱区土壤水热条件、促进作物生产的措施之一。为解决长期覆盖普通地膜造成的土壤地膜残留污染及生物降解地膜破裂,且成本高的问题,通过多年试验研究,从地膜选择、肥料配比、绿色地膜复合覆盖技术、田间管理、地膜回收、秸秆与生物降解地膜还田等方面总结了寒旱区玉米普通地膜与生物降解膜覆盖栽培技术。     

Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in Typical Plants and Soil Profiles in Yanqi Basin of Northwest China

Carbon and nitrogen are the most important elements in the terrestrial ecosystem. Studying carbon and nitrogen distributions in plant and soil is important for our understanding of the ecosystem dynamics and carbon cycle on arid lands. A study was conducted in a typical arid area, the Yanqi Basin, Northwest China. Carbon and nitrogen distributions in plant tissues and soil profiles were determined at 21 sites with typical native plants and crops. Our results indicated that carbon content was similar between crops and native plants, and the average carbon contents in aboveground （42.4%） and belowground （42.8%） tissues were almost the same. Average nitrogen contents in crops were nearly the same （~0.7%） in aboveground and belowground tissues whereas mean nitrogen content was approximately 100% higher in aboveground （2.2%） than in belowground （1.2%） tissues for native species. Soil organic carbon （SOC） and total nitrogen （TN） in cropland （9.4 and 0.9 g kg^-1） were significantly higher than those in native land （6.2 and 0.7 g kg^-1）. Multiple regression analyses indicated that carbon content in belowground tissue and nitrogen content in aboveground tissue were key factors connecting plant and soil in native land. However, there was no significant relationship for carbon or nitrogen between soil and crop, which might reflect human disturbance, such as plowing and applications of various organic materials.     

干旱半干旱地区边际地种植能源作物的资源环境问题探讨

为减少对进口石油的依赖及应对燃烧化石能源造成的空气污染和温室气体排放问题,世界各国争相发展生物质能源产业。针对利用能源植物带来的粮价上涨和粮食安全问题,适应人多耕地少的国情,我国制定了"不与民争粮,不与粮争地"生物质能源的发展原则。许多学者提出利用边际性土地种植能源作物。多数边际性土地过于零散,不利于能源作物大规模种植和收获、运输,人们把注意力集中到草原及荒草地。干旱和半干旱地区天然降水不能满足植物旺盛生长的水分需求。大规模集约化种植一年生能源作物,主要依靠灌溉,消耗大量的水资源,同"与民争粮,与粮争地"一样威胁粮食安全,同时还可能会造成生物多样性丧失、植被破坏、土地沙化、土壤次生盐渍化等环境和生态问题,影响草原畜牧业发展,使牧民生活无靠,与现有的《草原法》等法律、法规相悖,且无异于"问题搬家"。本研究通过分析能源作物,特别是在干旱和半干旱区规模化、集约化种植,对资源、生态环境的影响,依据国家相关法律法规,提出了干旱和半干旱地区边际土地能源作物规模化种植准入政策建议,以期为生物质能源产业的健康可持续发展提供依据。     

基于支持向量机优化粒子群算法的作物生育期ET_0预测

ET0是计算作物需水量、进行农田灌溉管理及区域水资源优化配置的重要依据。为了提高ET0的预测精度,将粒子群(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法引入到ET0预测中,并用支持向量回归机(support vector machine,SVM)优化参数。PSO-SVM将最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、平均风速与日照时数输入到SVM中学习,将SVM参数作为PSO中的粒子,把ET0值作为PSO的目标函数,然后通过粒子之间相互协作得到SVM最优参数,对ET0进行预测,并采用PM模型计算值验证。该文以新疆喀什地区为例,通过采用粒子群耦合支持向量机(PSO-SVM)算法训练得到模型,并用10组数据进行预测;最后引用BP神经网络算法和PSO-SVM算法进行了对比,其结果表明,PSO-SVM算法预测准确率较高,预测值与实测值间相关系数达0.682,平均相对误差为3.19%。     

基于电磁感应的典型干旱区土壤盐分空间异质性

为研究干旱区土壤盐分空间异质性,指导农业生产实践,运用大地电导率仪（EM38、EM31）对研究区域进行移动式磁感调查,获取表观电导率（ECa）。同时,通过27个校准点的采样和ECa测量,建立土壤盐分的电磁感应解译模型。干旱区土壤盐分质量分数与EM38、EM31水平模式读数（H38、H31）显示出良好的相关性（R=0.935）,可以利用ECa结合GIS和地统计学知识研究土壤盐分的空间分布。采用两种方法进行研究：一种是先利用解译模型获取磁感调查点的土壤盐分质量分数,然后进行地统计分析研究其空间分布;另一种是先利用地统计分析研究H38和H31的空间分布,然后利用解译模型通过栅格运算计算盐分质量分数,精度检验显示前者预测值与实测值之间的相关性更好（R2, 0.888＞0.873）;标准差较低（std. 0.414＜0.426）,具有更高的预测精度。研究结果表明,基于电磁感应研究干旱区土壤盐分空间异质性是切实可行的,这对于土壤盐渍化的快速诊断,指导农业生产和促进精准农业的发展具有重要的意义。     

极端干旱区大气边界层厚度时间演变及其与地表能量平衡的关系

主要采用ECMWF的地表和大气产品分析了中国西北极端干旱区大气边界层厚度与地表能量通量的时间变化特征,同时,结合探空加强观测分析了大气边界层演变的可能因素.得出:西北极端干旱区大气边界层厚度呈现出季节性的年际和年代际变化,夏季大气边界层厚度呈下降趋势,春、秋季节呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,冬季以阶段性降低趋势为主,20世纪80年代是大气边界层厚度的转折时期；感热通量是极端干旱区大气边界层发展的主要热力因素；由于夏季净辐射量、地气温差、粗糙度以及风速等因子随时间演变而呈降低趋势,潜热通量呈增加趋势,导致了边界层高度形成的热力作用减弱,边界层厚度降低；同时,粗糙度和风速也是大气边界层发展的主要动力因素,由于边界层粗糙度和风速降低,促使垂直风切变减小,湍流动力作用减弱,也会导致边界层厚度降低.     

Community structure and carbon and nitrogen storage of sagebrush desert under grazing exclusion in Northwest China

Overgrazing is regarded as one of the key factors of vegetation and soil degradation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Grazing exclusion(GE)is one of the most common pathways used to restore degraded grasslands and to improve their ecosystem services.Nevertheless,there are still significant controversies concerning GE’s effects on grassland diversity as well as carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)storage.It remains poorly understood in the arid desert regions,whilst being essential for the sustainable use of grassland resources.To assess the effects of GE on community characteristics and C and N storage of desert plant community in the arid desert regions,we investigated the community structure and plant biomass,as well as C and N storage of plants and soil(0-100 cm depth)in short-term GE(three years)plots and adjacent long-term freely grazing(FG)plots in the areas of sagebrush desert in Northwest China,which are important both for spring-autumn seasonal pasture and for ecological conservation.Our findings indicated that GE was beneficial to the average height,coverage and aboveground biomass(including stems,leaves and inflorescences,and litter)of desert plant community,to the species richness and importance values of subshrubs and perennial herbs,and to the biomass C and N storage of aboveground parts(P<0.05).However,GE was not beneficial to the importance values of annual herbs,root/shoot ratio and total N concentration in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Additionally,the plant density,belowground biomass,and soil organic C concentration and C storage in the 0-100 cm soil layer could not be significantly changed by short-term GE(three years).The results suggest that,although GE was not beneficial for C sequestration in the sagebrush desert ecosystem,it is an effective strategy for improving productivity,diversity,and C and N storage of plants.As a result,GE can be used to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in the arid desert regions of Northwest China.     

川西干旱河谷林草植被建设科学考察报告

阐述了川西干旱河谷现有治理状况 ,存在问题 ,提出了治理该区的措施和发展农业经济的建议。     

The Vertical Distribution of Soil Seed Bank and Its Restoration Implication in an Active Sand Dune of Northeastern Inner Mongolia,China

Although the functions and characteristics of soil seed banks in topsoil layers have been described for various ecosystems, the spatiotemporal pattern of the seed bank in deep soil and its ecological implications for vegetation restoration of active sand dune have not been fully explored. In 2007 and 2008, seed densities with regard to dune position, soil depth and season were investigated on an active and a stabilized sand dune of northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Seeds in the 0–10 cm topsoil layer accounted for 60% of total soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while more than 40% of seeds were stored in the 50–100 cm layers on the active sand dune. Seed density declined significantly with soil depth on the stabilized sand dune, but it was relatively constant across the 0–100 cm soil profile on the active sand dune. Seed density fluctuated with soil depth on the active sand dune suggesting that seeds were either relocated upward or downward over time. Seeds of annual non‐psammophytic species accounted for the majority of soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while pioneer psammophytes contributed more to the soil seed bank of the active sand dune. Our data suggest that seeds in the deep soil layers of active sand dunes account for a large proportion of the whole soil seed bank. Because of the effect of wind erosion, seeds in deep soil could be gradually exposed to shallow soil layers and potentially contribute to population recruitment and vegetation restoration on active sand dunes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.