Heritability of, and genetic correlations among, forage and seed yield traits in Ladino white clover

Sixteen white clover genotypes and their half-sib progenies were grown in pure stand. Each clover progeny was also grown in a mixed stand that also included three grass varieties of different species. Dry matter (DM) yield was measured over 2 years and seed yield at the second year. Competitive ability of clover families was defined as the ratio between mixed stand and pure stand for clover DM yield. Narrow-sense heritability from parent-offspring regression of pure stand data was high to moderate (h²0.50) for DM yield, seed yield and most of their components. Persistence as predicted by stolon density showed negative genetic correlations with seed yield (r_g= -0.70) and DM yield (r₂= -0.60), whereas seed yield and DM yield tended towards a negative correlation (r₂=0.45). Sizes of different vegetative or reproductive organs were generally correlated positively. Evidence was provided that the set of parent genotypes represents well the genetic variation available within the Ladino gene pool. The results highlighted the difficulty of combining relatively short-term DM yield, persistence and seed yield into a unique plant type. Differences in competitive ability emerged only in the second year, better ability being related mainly to petiole length among the traits assessed in pure stand.     

Nitrogen Fixation by Hybrids of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) and Trifolium nigrescens

Development of hybrids between white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) and Trifolium nigrescens provides a novel route for genetically improving the reproductive capacity of white clover, provided the hybrids are agronomically viable, particularly with respect to N₂ fixation. A comparative study of growth and rates of N₂ fixation over 21 days was conducted with the parental species, F ₁ hybrids and backcross hybrids, in flowing solution culture, without a supply of mineral N to the plants. T. nigrescens was unable to fix N₂ in association with the strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii selected for inoculation. Rates of N₂ fixation per plant increased in the order T. nigrescens < F ₁ hybrid < T. repens < backcross 1. Specific rates of N₂ fixation (days 0–21) increased in the order T. nigrescens < F ₁ hybrid < backcross 1 <  T. repens . Dry matter production and nodule biomass per plant increased at a higher rate in backcross 1 hybrids than in T. repens. The results suggest that the potential for N₂ fixation by backcross 1 hybrids is at least as great as that by T. repens .     

白三叶无性系植物种群分株间的资源分配

文中研究了白三叶无性系种群各部分的资源分配。结果表明,水分通过匍匐茎的移动,在母株,幼分枝和老分枝中,水分和氮代谢是整合的。在光、水分和土壤营养充足条件下,新的,幼分枝输入足够的水分和氮,使老分枝和母株促进一个水平。幼分枝的输出并没有降低相互联接的老分枝和母株的生长,根的能值与年龄显著相关,植物体的各部分的能值各异。     

偃麦草种质资源外部性状变异及其形态类型的初步研究

对41份偃麦草Elytrigia repens种质资源的16个外部性状变异及其分布规律进行研究,并在对16个指标性状进行相关分析及主成分分析的基础上,对34份材料进行聚类分析。结果表明,偃麦草种内形态指标变异较大,变异系数为4.88%～33.30%,其中叶层高度变异系数最大,达33.30%,其次为旗叶长(26.03%),而种子宽度、种子长度、种子厚度、颖长、叶长变异较小,均在10.0%以下;海拔高度与偃麦草生殖枝高呈显著正相关(P0.01),与颖长呈显著负相关(P0.01),而在纬度上的相关性却呈现相反趋势;经度仅与穗下第1节间长呈显著正相关(P0.01);在对外部性状相关分析及主成分分析的基础上,通过聚类分析,在欧氏距离5.0处,34份偃麦草材料可被划分为高大型、偏高大型、特殊型、低矮型4个类型,且特殊型和低矮型均具有开发为草坪草的潜能。     

混种3种观赏植物对白三叶铅积累的影响

为了研究铅污染条件下对白三叶植物修复效率的影响,通过盆栽和小区试验,将一串红、翠菊、德国鸢尾分别与白三叶混种,研究不同混种方式对白三叶生物量及铅积累的影响。结果表明:与白三叶单种相比,混种德国鸢尾提高了白三叶单株地上部分生物量和整株生物量,混种一串红、翠菊则降低了白三叶单株地上部分生物量和整株生物量;就混种系统而言,各个混种处理的植物总生物量均介于混种的2种植物单种之间。混种一串红、翠菊、德国鸢尾均提高了白三叶地上部分铅含量,盆栽试验分别较白三叶单种提高了11.39%,17.88%,42.18%;小区试验分别较白三叶单种提高了2.64%,13.22%,23.94%。白三叶混种德国鸢尾的地上部分铅积累总量高于各自单种,其余混种处理均介于混种的2种植物单种之间。小区试验中,白三叶混种德国鸢尾的单位面积地上部分铅积累总量最高,达242.777mg/m2,较白三叶单种提高了371.83%,较德国鸢尾单种提高了8.38%;白三叶混种德国鸢尾的土壤重金属铅去除率最高,达15.11%,比白三叶单种提高了326.84%,比德国鸢尾单种提高了10.70%。因此,白三叶混种德国鸢尾的铅提取效果表现最好,能够用于铅污染土壤的修复。     

未腐菇渣替代草炭作为三叶草育苗基质的研究

为了缓解草炭资源短缺的压力,实现菌渣废弃物的资源化,提高农民增收和企业效益,以不同含量的未腐熟菌渣做育苗基质,对比市场常规配方(蛭石∶珍珠岩∶草炭=1∶1∶3)和园土,分析了不同含量菌渣对基质理化性质和三叶草出苗率的影响。结果表明,未腐菌渣可以提高基质的通气性,可以部分甚至全部取代市场常规配方中的草炭;添加未腐菌渣能提高基质有机质和全磷含量,同时也会使EC值增高,但菌渣含量在60%以下时EC值均在适宜范围内;未腐菌渣含量在25%时,与市场常规配方相比效果无明显差异,且以配比T5(菌渣∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶草炭=1∶1∶1∶1)出苗率最高(55.56%),即菌渣部分替代草炭的复合有机基质效果最好。     

Soil chemical properties,plant species composition,herbage quality,production and nutrient uptake of an alluvial meadow after 45 years of N,P and K application

Little is known about the long-term effects of mineral N, P and K application on the nutritional status of mown alluvial grasslands. We asked how long-term fertilizer application affected soil chemical properties, plant species composition, herbage production, nutrient concentrations in soils and plants and balance of nutrients. Six treatments (control, PK, N50PK, N100PK, N150PK and N200PK) were investigated at the Černíkovice Experiment (Czech Republic) established in 1966 on an Alopecurus pratensis meadow, using annual application rates of 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N, 40 kg P and 100 kg K ha⁻¹. Data were collected and analysed for 2007, 2008 and 2009. Although fertilizers had been applied over 45 years, differences in soil chemical properties between fertilization treatments were small. The legumes Lathyrus pratensis and Trifolium repens responded highly positively to PK application, and tall grasses, A. pratensis in particular, to NPK application. Herbage quality was high in terms of content of major nutrients, and its chemical properties varied considerably between treatments, cuts and years. Mean annual herbage yield ranged from 6·1 in the control to 9·7 t ha⁻¹ in the N200PK treatment. Herbage production was N-limited in 2007 and 2009, but not in 2008. Seasonal N agronomical efficiency ranged from 4·2 to 22·9 kg of DM herbage per kg of applied N. The herbage N:P and N:K ratios did not reflect the actual response of herbage production to N application. A negative balance between N applied and N removed in harvested herbage was recorded in all treatments. We concluded that in highly productive alluvial grasslands, mineral-rich soils can respond weakly to N, P and K application, fertilizer application modifies plant species composition and herbage production is not N-limited in all years. Nutrient ratios must be interpreted with caution for the estimation of nutrient limitation.     

西南地区野生马蹄金无性繁殖特性研究

采用野生马蹄金Dichondra repens（SD200310、SD200411、GD200504、SD200304）为材料,研究了无性系构件克隆生长的时间动态、形态、空间构型等。结果表明：1）主茎增长率随时间推移而下降,空间扩展依赖源株和早生分株、叶片的贡献;2）移植植株生长和茎叶扩展之间对物质能量的需求变换,导致了无性系的生长格局及无性系构件和生物量在空间上的分配与配置差异;3）以5 cm×5 cm草皮间铺栽植在密度为D2（40 cm×40 cm）时,主茎长（22.33 cm）、叶片数（28.38片）、节数（24.76节）和节长（1.42 cm）的均值达最大值,呈最佳生长状态,为合理的建植密度;4）随密度增加,间隔子长度递减,分枝角度增加,分枝强度减小,体现了在密度影响下的可塑性变化。     

盐胁迫对白三叶种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究盐胁迫对白三叶种子抗盐萌发和幼苗生长的影响,结果表明:不同浓度的NaCl胁迫下,白三叶种子的发芽势、发芽率、株高均呈下降趋势,处理和对照之间的差异达到极显著水平;盐胁迫对白三叶叶片的叶绿素含量和根系活力均有一定的影响,叶绿素含量对照与处理之间差异达到极显著水平,根系活力对照与低浓度处理差异不显著,与高浓度处理之间达到极显著水平。     

种间互作对苹果/白三叶复合系统根系生长及分布的影响

设置苹果(Malus demestica Borkh)和白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)单作与间作栽培处理,通过根箱试验研究种间互作对苹果、白三叶根系生长及其分布的影响。结果表明:种间互作导致苹果根系生长发育的正效应和白三叶根系生长发育的负效应;苹果、白三叶不同径级根系对种间互作的响应能力不同,细根比粗根表现出较强的可塑性;苹果细根占总根中的比例提高,而白三叶细根占总根中的比例则降低;种间互作对苹果、白三叶不同径级根垂直分布格局影响不明显,但对不同径级根在各土层中的分布比例产生了明显影响,苹果粗根和细根均有下移的趋势,细根下移的趋势更明显,而白三叶细根分布有上移的趋势,粗根则无明显变化。总之,种间互作对苹果、白三叶根系生长发育及其垂直分布产生了一定的影响,对不同径级根生长及其垂直分布的影响不同。