雨型和坡长对侵蚀泥沙粒径特征的影响

为揭示降雨和坡长对侵蚀泥沙粒径特征的影响,以不同坡长野外观测试验小区为对象,结合82场降雨资料,以降雨量(P,mm)、最大30 min雨强(I₃₀,mm/h)和降雨侵蚀力[R,MJ·mm/(hm²·h)]为降雨特征指标,利用系统聚类法进行雨型划分(A雨型：大雨量、高雨强、高侵蚀力;B雨型：中雨量、小雨强、中等侵蚀力;C雨型：低雨量、中雨强、中低等侵蚀力),分析了11场降雨事件中侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征。结果表明：(1)研究区侵蚀泥沙粒径特征受不同雨型影响,有效黏粒和最终黏粒含量在C雨型下最高,有效砂粒和最终砂粒含量在B雨型下最高,而有效粉粒和最终粉粒含量分别在A和C雨型下最高。(2)坡长对侵蚀泥沙粒径特征的影响存在临界坡长效应(14 m),小于临界坡长时,黏粒级和粉粒级颗粒含量随坡长增加而降低;超过临界坡长后,黏粒级和粉粒级颗粒含量随坡长增加而增加,该效应在最终粒径下更为显著。(3)有效砂粒输移形式受雨型和坡长影响较大,在B雨型下主要以团粒形式输移,在A,C雨型下达临界坡长时以单粒形式输移。侵蚀泥沙的有效粒径颗粒比原坡面土壤细,而最终粒径颗粒则...     

基于机器学习的沟谷地貌识别模型对比——以黄土高原典型流域为例

探索沟谷地貌空间分布与环境控制特征之间的联系并构建沟谷地貌准确提取模型,对大尺度范围沟谷提取具有重要意义。基于人工提取黄土高原典型流域沟谷地貌样本,结合不同时期的Landsat8 OLI影像数据和DEM数据,建立随机森林模型确定黄土高原沟谷地貌提取最佳影像时期和最佳组合特征,基于最优模型参数,对比其与支持向量机和人工神经网络沟谷提取模型效果,验证模型泛化能力。结果表明:(1)黄土高原沟谷提取的最佳影像时期为12月,最佳组合特征集为Red、Blue、H、SWIR1、PNT、Coastal、GLCM4和NIR;(2)3种方法提取测试区域的沟谷空间分布一致,从定性和定量角度进行比较,随机森林模型提取效果最好,验证样区平均总体精度为80.48％,相较于支持向量机模型和人工神经网络模型分别提高4.00和8.63个百分比;(3)测试区域中,沟谷地貌面积约占总面积的56.91％,且呈现西北至东南方向逐渐集中的特点。研究表明随机森林模型在黄土高原地区高精度沟谷地貌识别研究中综合表现最佳,可大范围推广。     

Decoupling effects of driving factors on sediment yield in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Investigations of runoff and sediment yield changes and their relationships with potential driving factors provide good insights for understanding the mechanisms of hydrological processes. This study attempted to present a comprehensive investigation on the spatiotemporal variations of sediment yield in the Loess Plateau using continuous observed data at 46 hydrological stations during 1961–2016, and its responses to changes of precipitation, land use/cover and vegetation cover were analyzed by using the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). The results indicated that sediment yield reduced pronouncedly during 1961–2016 in the Loess Plateau, and 77.9% of this variation was explained by the combined effects of precipitation, land-use change, vegetation dynamics and runoff reduction. Indirect effects of precipitation, land-use change, and vegetation cover on sediment yield were 0.242, ?0.528 and ?0.630 (P < 0.05), respectively, and direct effect of runoff on sediment yield was 0.833 (P < 0.05). According to the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the strongest positive correlation existed between annual sediment yield and runoff (r = 0.88, P < 0.05), followed by vegetation cover (r = ?0.47, P < 0.05) and land-use change (i.e. forest land and grassland) suggesting their significant trapping effects on soil erosion. However, lower correlations were examined between sediment yield and precipitation indices (?0.14<r < 0.34), and a relatively higher relationship was examined between sediment yield and heavy rainfall (P₂₅) (r = 0.34). Overall, changes in runoff and land-use/vegetation cover well explained variations in sediment yield in the Loess Plateau. The findings are expected to provide scientific and technical support for future soil and water conservation planning in the Loess Plateau, and are valuable for sustainable water resources and sediment load management in the Yellow River Basin.     

137Cs tracing of the spatial patterns in soil redistribution,organic carbon and total nitrogen in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

The southeastern Tibetan Plateau, which profoundly affects East Asia by helping to maintain the stability of climate systems, biological diversity and clean water, is one of the regions most vulnerable to water erosion, wind erosion, tillage erosion, freeze–thaw erosion and overgrazing under global climate changes and intensive human activities. Spatial variations in soil erosion in terraced farmland (TL), sloping farmland (SL) and grassland (GL) were determined by the ¹³⁷Cs tracing method and compared with spatial variations in soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (total N). The ¹³⁷Cs concentration in the GL was higher in the 0–0.03 m soil layer than in the other soil layers due to weak migration and diffusion under low precipitation and temperature conditions, while the ¹³⁷Cs concentration in the soil layer of the SL was generally uniform in the 0–0.18 m soil layer due to tillage-induced mixing. Low ¹³⁷Cs inventories appeared at the summit and toe slope positions in the SL due to soil loss by tillage erosion and water erosion, respectively, while the highest ¹³⁷Cs inventories appeared at the middle slope positions due to soil accumulation under relatively flat landform conditions. In the GL, the ¹³⁷Cs data showed that higher soil erosion rates appeared at the summit due to freeze–thaw erosion and steep slope gradients and at the toe slope position due to wind erosion, gully erosion, freeze–thaw erosion and overgrazing. The ¹³⁷Cs inventory generally increased from upper to lower slope positions within each terrace (except the lowest terrace). The ¹³⁷Cs data along the terrace toposequence showed abrupt changes in soil erosion rates between the lower part of the upper terrace and the upper part of the immediate terrace over a short distance and net deposition on the lower and toe terraces. Hence, tillage erosion played an important role in the soil loss at the summit slope positions of each terrace, while water erosion dominantly transported soil from the upper terrace to the lower terrace and resulted in net soil deposition on the flat lower terrace. The SOC inventories showed similar spatial patterns to the ¹³⁷Cs inventories in the SL, TL and GL, and significant correlations were found between the SOC and ¹³⁷Cs inventories in these slope landscapes. The total N inventories showed similar spatial patterns to the inventories of ¹³⁷Cs and SOC, and significant correlations were also found between the total N and ¹³⁷Cs inventories in the SL, TL and GL. Therefore, ¹³⁷Cs can successfully be used for tracing soil, SOC and total N dynamics within slope landscapes in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.     

Experimental determination of sediment transport capacity of rill flow over sandified loess slope

Rill erosion is affected by the sand particle content in soil, especially in the wind and water erosion transition region of the Loess Plateau. The sediment transport capacity (STC) is a key parameter in rill erosion research, assessing the impact of aeolian sand intrusion on the STC of rill flow is of importance for a better understanding of rill erosion. This study aimed to assess the effect of aeolian sand intrusion on the STC on sandified loess slopes, with typical slopes and flow discharges, using a flume system which consisting of a sediment-feeding and a sediment-supply/settlement flume. The sediment feeding flume was jointed by 10° higher than that of the sediment measurement flume section. Three flow discharges (2, 4, and 8 L min⁻¹) and four slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15°, and 25°) were used to represent the natural hydrological conditions under three intrusion rates (SIR) of aeolian sands (10%, 20%, and 50%). The results show that STC increased with slope gradient and flow discharge, and the relationship between the STC and the SIR was significantly affected by the slope gradient; the STCs decreased with the SIR on a slope of 5° but increased with the SIR on steep slopes of 15°–25°, implying a significant impact of slope gradient on the relationship between SIR and STC. The SIR of 50% resulted in the highest sediment concentration nearly 1200 kg m⁻³ on slopes of 25°. On sandified loess slopes of 10%, 20%, and 50% SIR, the STC were about 30%, 46%, and 57% higher than on loess slopes, indicating an increased erosion rate by sand particle intrusion into loess soil. These results highlight the impact of sand intrusion on STC of rill flow and provide deeper insights into the soil loss process on the sandified loess slope.     

高原干旱区马铃薯生产布局特征及可持续发展策略

位于高原干旱区的天祝县境内海拔高、气候冷凉,具有马铃薯生长发育的最佳生态环境。为全面提升天祝县马铃薯产业可持续发展及市场竞争力,以天祝县县域不同生态区域马铃薯生产为评价单元,通过实地考察调研对天祝县马铃薯生产格局及其在金强川片、哈溪片、莫科片、朵什片、松山片五大自然区域的分布特征进行分析,认为天祝县马铃薯具有明显的分散性特点。整体来看,随着马铃薯生产区域布局不断演化,在空间上马铃薯生产向朵什片、哈溪片、金强川片和莫科片等四大优势区域集中,在海拔2 300～2 600 m、年降水量350～450 mm区域形成了以东坪、西大滩、华藏寺、哈溪等为主的优势区域,且聚集效应愈来愈明显。建议在充分依托天祝县资源禀赋的基础上,构建马铃薯种薯繁育体系、优质马铃薯优势产业带、产销服务体系、农业技术培训体系,以发挥天祝县资源优势,实现天祝县马铃薯产业的健康可持续发展。     

东帕米尔高原地区藏兔群体遗传进化分析

旨在利用分子遗传学方法检测东帕米尔高原地区极端环境对当地藏兔群体的遗传多样性、遗传结构及遗传分化的影响,为帕米尔高原物种多样性和遗传多样性的保护提供研究资料.本研究通过PCR扩增及测序技术测定东帕米尔高原地区藏兔的线粒体CO1与ND4基因序列,使用相关生物信息学软件进行数据分析.结果表明,东帕米尔高原地区4个采样点37...     

立式深旋耕作对西北半干旱区马铃薯水肥利用和产量的影响

  【目的】  立式深旋耕作能提高土壤供水能力和促进作物根系发育,有利于作物对养分的吸收利用。  【方法】  在西北黄土高原半干旱区于2016—2018年布设马铃薯定位试验,设计立式深旋耕作40 cm (VRT)、深松40 cm (SS) 和旋耕15 cm (TT) 3个处理。在马铃薯播期、盛花期和收获期测定土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,开花期测定了马铃薯叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值,成熟期调查马铃薯产量。计算马铃薯阶段水分养分消耗量,养分和水分利用效率。  【结果】  VRT耕作方式提高了马铃薯播前0—120 cm土层的含水量和0—40 cm土层的碱解氮和有效磷含量。与SS和TT耕作方式相比,VRT提高了3年的花前平均耗水量,提高了干旱年 (2016) 的花后耗水量,但平水年 (2017) 和丰水年 (2018) 的花后耗水量不同处理间无显著差异。VRT耕作方式干旱年碱解氮消耗量在花前花后较SS和TT耕作方式分别增加了38.7、22.9 kg/hm2和25.9、12.9 kg/hm2;平水年碱解氮消耗量在花前花后较SS和TT耕作方式分别增加了17.2、0.4 kg/hm2和21.2、6.3 kg/hm2,丰水年相应地增加了13.6、4.1 kg/hm2和26.8、2.8 kg/hm2;VRT较SS和TT耕作方式增加了有效磷和速效钾的花前花后消耗量。VRT耕作方式叶面积指数 (LAI) 显著高于SS和TT处理,产量在2016、2017和2018年分别较SS和TT耕作方式增加了156.8%和47.8%、24.8%和41.0%、19.6%和27.5%,VRT耕作方式土壤水分利用率和速效氮磷钾利用效率高于SS和TT,并在干旱和平水年达显著差异。  【结论】  与深松和旋耕相比,立式深旋耕作可以提高马铃薯播前0—120 cm土层的贮水量,进而提高0—40 cm 土层中的有效态氮和磷含量,特别是在花前阶段;较好的水肥供应促进了马铃薯的生长 (较高的SPAD值和叶面积指数),有利于马铃薯开花后的生长,最终获得较高的马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率。立式深旋耕作还优化了黄土高原半干旱区土壤水分和养分分布,在一定程度上减少了养分向土壤深层的移动,其效果在干旱年份尤为明显。     

黄土高原生物土壤结皮研究进展与展望

黄土高原是典型的生态脆弱敏感区和世界上水土流失最为严重的地区,也是当今我国生态恢复和生态文明建设的重点区域。生物土壤结皮是细菌、藻类、真菌和孢子植物与土壤颗粒胶结而成的有机复合体,是干旱半干旱地区地表系统的重要组成部分,它们对黄土高原的水土保护、养分积累和生态恢复具有重要的生态功能。本文论述了生物土壤结皮类型与演替过程;系统总结了黄土高原不同环境中生物结皮微生物和藓类的物种多样性、生态功能、人工生物结皮培养与生态恢复的研究进展与存在问题,最后从黄土高原生物结皮微生物多样性和功能群、生物结皮不同生物类群之间及其与种子植物的种间关系、生物结皮人工培养和生态恢复方面提出了研究建议与展望,以期对黄土高原生物结皮的相关研究提供参考。     

黄土高原淋溶土黏粒、氧化铁与颜色的关系及发生学解释——以山西土系调查的31个黏化层为例

以黄土高原山西省14个淋溶土剖面的31个偏红的黏化层(Bt)为研究对象,分析了其全铁、游离氧化铁、无定形态氧化铁的含量与土壤颜色参数、黏粒含量之间的相关性,并建立了定量关系模型。结果表明:Bt的黏粒含量与氧化铁含量之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01);颜色的红度与全铁、游离氧化铁和无定形氧化铁含量之间均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),其中游离氧化铁是最直接的土壤红色"染色剂";其他色调、明度与彩度等颜色参数与土壤全铁、游离氧化铁含量之间亦呈现出显著的相关性,这也间接说明了黏粒含量与土壤颜色具有一定相关性。野外观测发现,某些黏化层结构体表面颜色较结构体内基质颜色更红,证实了在土壤结构体表面氧化铁随着黏粒在土壤空隙中的迁移淀积。黄土高原淋溶土偏红的黏化层多是来自由于土壤侵蚀而出露地表或接近地表的第三纪保德红土和第四纪红黏土,其黏粒含量、土壤颜色等指标均表明第三纪的古气候条件较第四纪更为湿热。