粮食作物生物育种技术全球创新布局与竞争态势研究——基于核心专利数据挖掘的视角

“开展种源‘卡脖子’技术攻关,打好种业翻身仗”亟需探明当前粮食作物生物育种技术领域的专利创新布局和竞争态势。依据专利导向的产业竞争情报分析框架,以核心专利数据（不包含中国港澳台地区）为基础,从整体环境、技术布局和机构竞争3个方面剖析了粮食作物生物育种技术领域的全球创新布局及竞争态势。结果表明,领域内技术创新活跃,中国核心专利量位居前列,但与美国相比有很大差距;北美、欧洲和中国是全球主要技术布局地,尤以美国最为集中,中国发明的专利主要布局在国内,全球竞争能力不足;基因组重测序技术、分子标记辅助育种、抗性技术和杂交技术等是领域热点技术;突变或遗传工程、改良基因型的方法是领域内“主导-成熟型”技术,各主要国家和地区均进行了重点布局,我国在“新兴-成长型”技术领域具备相对优势;跨国种子公司的技术和市场竞争覆盖了全球主要国家和地区,技术布局主题广泛,因此,我国亟待培育有国际竞争力的本土创新研发机构。上述结果为政府及科研部门制定该领域技术创新引导政策,以及开展前瞻性研发布局和优化竞争决策提供参考。     

Population consequences of behaviour in the European bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus Cyprinidae)

Abstract –  The European bitterling is a freshwater fish with an unusual spawning symbiosis with freshwater mussels. Female bitterling possess long ovipositors that they use to place their eggs onto the gills of a mussel. Males fertilise the eggs by releasing sperm into the inhalant siphon of the mussel. The embryos develop inside the mussel for approximately a month, eventually leaving the mussel as actively swimming larvae. Because they use a discrete spawning site that can be readily manipulated they represent an ideal model for linking reproductive decisions with population dynamics. Bitterling have been used in field and large-scale pool experiments, in combination with modelling and population and genetic studies to investigate the population consequences of behaviour. Here we show how male mating tactics, female mate and oviposition decisions, and aggressive interference competition among juveniles, may have significant impacts on bitterling population size and population genetics.     

Oyster greening by outdoor mass culture of the diatom Haslea ostrearia Simonsen in enriched seawater

Oyster greening was first described in the seventeenth century as a natural phenomenon. However, it has recently been discovered that the diatom Haslea ostrearia Simonsen causes greening by synthesis of a blue pigment designated as ‘marennine’. This phenomenon, which involves massive proliferation of H. ostrearia in oyster ponds, was not understood or controlled by oyster farmers in the Marennes‐Oléron region (Atlantic coast of France). As greening oysters improved their market value, they tried to develop empirical methods to guarantee oyster fattening and improve profits. In this context, the present study investigated the feasibility of mass culture of diatoms outdoors in 10‐m³ ponds, using enriched seawater. Different biotic and abiotic parameters were monitored daily to determine the influence of the day–night temperature range. After 8 days, H. ostrearia was the dominant diatom species (66%), reaching a mean cell concentration of 2 × 10⁵ cell mL^?1 and a marennine concentration of 3.4 mg L^?1. Although intensive greening was obtained, further studies are required to optimize the production stages before this technology can be transferred to oyster farmers.     

黄土丘陵区撂荒草地不同生态位物种非结构性碳水化合物对氮添加的响应

为研究氮添加对不同生态位物种非结构性碳水化合物的影响。通过对黄土丘陵区典型撂荒草地进行3年的氮添加试验N0(0 g/(N·m²·a))、N3(3 g/(N·m²·a))、N6(6 g/(N·m²·a))和N9(9 g/(N·m²·a)),[JP]分析了不同生态位物种可溶性糖、淀粉和非结构性碳含量。结果表明:氮添加主要影响占据较高生态位的白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)和长芒草(Stipa bungeana)的非结构性碳水化合物的储存,而对铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)和杂草影响较小。N6和N9处理对白羊草和长芒草非结构性碳、可溶性糖和淀粉的储存表现出明显的促进作用,这种作用在地上部分表现尤为明显。同时,植物相对重要值与植物地下非结构性碳和淀粉含量显著正相关,而与地上可溶性糖含量和可溶性糖/淀粉显著负相关。研究结果有利于加强对氮沉降背景下不同生态位物种碳储存及分配特征的认识。     

不同供氮水平多花黑麦草化感抑草作用与资源竞争分析

[目的]为了判断黑麦草与猪殃殃的化感作用与资源竞争关系。[方法]运用化感一竞争分离法,通过盆栽混播不同比例的供、受体植株,测定受体植株干重的变化规律,以探讨黑麦草对猪殃殃杂草的化感作用或资源竞争的关系。[结果]当黑麦草和猪殃殃混播比例较大时（供受体混播比例为12：10）,会由竞争作用转为化感作用;而在氮素胁迫条件下,两者的关系均会加强,在氮水平为10kg／667m2时,化感作用最强,随着氮水平的加大,抑制作用减弱,竞争作用逐渐加强。[结论]明确黑麦草与猪殃殃的资源竞争与化感作用的关系,为黑麦草化感抑草作用研究提供理论依据。     

芦苇对空心莲子草从陆生环境向水生环境扩散的影响

[目的]探讨芦苇种植对空心莲子草从陆生境向水生境扩散的影响。[方法]模拟河岸带芦苇与空心莲子草生长状态,比较混种和控制条件下空心莲子草扩散及生物量变化。[结果]与控制条件下相比,芦苇种植使空心莲子草在陆生境纵向（沿陆地向水中的方向）与横向（与纵向垂直）扩散日变化率显著下降（P〈0．05）;水生境中均未出现显著差异;陆生境中横向和纵向扩散符合指数生长模型：Y=ae^bx＋y0;根生物量显著下降,达到50％;茎生物量下降16％,但其占比却上升62％。[结论]芦苇存在时,陆生境空心莲子草所受到的抑制要强于水生境;空心莲子草会通过提高其地上生物量占比,对芦苇抑制做出反应,以获取更多的光照。     

杉木—千年桐人工混交林种内种间竞争关系分析

采用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型对闽北地区3-5年生杉木—千年桐混交林及杉木纯林的种内种间竞争强度进行定量分析。结果表明,杉桐混交林的竞争强度均高于同龄纯林,随林龄增长,竞争强度逐渐减弱。杉桐混交林中以杉木之间的种内竞争为主导。无论纯林还是混交林,对象木受到的竞争强度基本随径级的增加而减少。杉木对象木的胸径大小与杉木种内、杉桐种间的竞争强度呈幂函数关系,其胸径大小与竞争强度之间呈现显著的负相关关系。由预测结果可知,当杉木胸径达到30 cm后,林分竞争强度趋缓。     

我国女子持拍隔网对抗类优势项目发展研究——对潜优势项目网球的启示

运用文献资料法、对比研究法和归纳演绎法对我国女子持拍隔网对抗类项目的发展状况进行研究，总结该项群成为优势项目的成功经验，为潜优势项目发展提供借鉴。研究表明体制发展优势、奥运发展战略、完善的后备梯队建设和高水平联赛体系以及技战术创新等是乒乓球、羽毛球运动成为优势项目的主要支持。为实现潜优势项目向优势项目的过渡，应继续优化管理模式、提升教练员执教能力、完善青少年后备人才体系和竞赛机制。     

植物品种权许可实施合同选择分析

许可实施是植物品种权实施的主要模式之一，是将创新品种转化为利润的重要机制，能够激励植 物新品种研发创新，并促进新品种技术扩散。植物品种权许可实施不同于品种权转让，具有收入效应和竞 争效应，从微观角度可以提高知识资产的使用效率。但是植物品种权许可实施的收入效应和竞争效应受复 杂因素影响，由于信息不对称和不确定因素的存在，许可双方无法事先签订完美的许可合同。品种权人可 以通过许可合同价格条款和许可范围的选择，利用“入门费 分期提成/阶段性支付”的许可费用模式， 规避许可风险。     

Long-term trends in the competitive shore fishery along the KwaZulu-Natal coast,South Africa

Twenty-four years (1977–2000) of competitive shore angling catch and effort data from the KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Anglers Union for the province of KwaZulu-Natal were analysed. Of a minimum of 117 species recorded, the most commonly caught species were dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus) (26%), milk shark (Rhizoprionodon acutus) (18%) and shad (Pomatomus saltatrix) (10%). By weight, the top species were dusky shark (34%) and diamond ray (Gymnura natalensis) (19%). All the above species showed considerable inter-annual variation in their respective contributions to annual catch. Probably as a result of changes in fishing patterns, dusky shark and milk shark showed a general decline in percentage contribution to catch over the period, while contributions of lesser guitarfish (Rhinobatos annulatus), giant guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis), diamond ray (Gymnura natalensis) and brown ray (Himantura gerrardi) increased. Mean overall annual cpue by number and weight showed a non-significant increase over the period, while each of the investigated species showed a constant trend in mean annual weight. There were high proportions of juveniles in the catches of dusky shark (100%), dusky kob (92%) and giant guitarfish (78%). Improvements made to the structure of shore angling competitions and the overall contribution of competition angling to resource management in South Africa is discussed.