Competition between 2x and x pollen in styles of Solanum tuberosum determined by a quick in vivo method

Summary Pollen competition in vivo was studied by placing two pollen samples on one stigma and comparing the length of the tubes under a U.V. microscope. Comparisons involving pollen of Solanum tuberosum and S. phureja showed that 2x pollen grew faster than x pollen, both in 2x and x styles. Consequences for induction of dihaploids in S. tuberosum are discussed.     

Effects of Interspecific Competition on the Inheritance of Quantitative Traits in White Clover *)

Analysis of a half diallel cross among four white clover cultivars, grown as monocultures and in mixtures (duocultures) with two separate perennial rye-grass cultivars, confirmed that for stolon and leaf number a higher proportion of the genetic variance in duocultures was non-additive. For canopy height and dry weight, however, this proportion was less affected by inter-specific competition. An additive-dominance model of gene action sufficed for all four characters in monocultures, but in duocultures epis-tasis was just one of the factors complicating the genetic picture. This, coupled with short-term reversals in the direction of dominance, merely illustrates the complexity of breeding white clover cultivars. Possible future developments in the breeding of white clover are discussed in the light of these results.     

Theory of RBV-Competitive Advantage of the Stock Company

China's stock market enters a stage where the competition's rules as well as the competition's environment are changing continuously,Under such circumstances,to gain the competition advantages is of vital importarce to the existence and development of China's stock companies themselves. As a result, the stock companies should have a thorough analysis of the RBV theory at present, and evaluate its applicability to China's stock companies, Then they should come up with some reformational measures,aiming at improving the competition advantages of domestic stock companies. There fore they are able to make measonable use of the company's resources and accomplish the organic unity combination of the company's valued resources and its strategic administration. These are the key measures used by stock companies to gain the competition cedvantges.     

Effects of nonindigenous tadpoles on native tadpoles in Florida: evidence of competition

The impacts of nonindigenous species on native ecosystems can be severe, sometimes leading to the extinction of native taxa. Interspecific competition is a potential mechanism of negative impact of invasive species, but few studies have conclusively demonstrated competition between native and nonindigenous taxa. In this study I used experimental manipulations to examine the competitive effects of the larvae of two widely introduced anurans, the cane toad, Bufo marinus, and the Cuban treefrog, Osteopilus septentrionalis, on the growth and development of the larvae of two native anurans (the southern toad, Bufo terrestris, and the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea). The presence of O. septentrionalis larvae consistently impacted growth and development of native larvae, resulting in reduced growth rates and delayed metamorphosis of both native species and smaller mass at metamorphosis of B. terrestris. Hyla cinerea larvae transformed at greater body masses when reared with the rapidly transforming nonindigenous species as a result of competitive release. The negative effects of O. septentrionalis on native larvae were generally significant whether native tadpoles were exposed to O. septentrionalis alone or in combination with B. marinus. In contrast, B. marinus tadpoles did not significantly impact the growth or development of either native species. Neither nonindigenous species significantly decreased the survivorship of native larvae, although a trend toward decreased survivorship was evident for H. cinerea. These results suggest that nonindigenous larval anurans may adversely impact native tadpole communities as a result of interspecific competition.     

Impact of introduced honey bees on native pollination interactions of the endemic Echium wildpretii (Boraginaceae) on Tenerife, Canary Islands

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of introduced honey bees (Apis mellifera) on native pollination interactions of Echium wildpretii ssp. wildpretii in the sub-alpine desert of Tenerife. We selected two study populations, one dominated by honey bees, while the other was visited by many native insects. During peak activity period of insects, nectar was nearly completely depleted in flowers of the first, but not the latter population. Thus, a high abundance of honey bees may have suppressed visitation by native animals due to exploitative competition. Honey bees stayed longer and visited more flowers on the same inflorescence than native bees, thus potentially promoting self-pollination of the plants. Level of seed set and viability was similar in the two study populations. However, we cannot rule out long-term changes in genetic population structure due to changes in gene-flow patterns caused by foraging behaviour of honey bees vs. native flower-visitors.     

一种新的竞争指标——树冠影响度

可变竞争区域类竞争指标根据对象木某个描述型指标函数确定竞争区域;而树冠在树木的生长过程中具有重要的作用,并且反映了树木的长期竞争水平,根据这两种思想提出一种新的竞争可变区域类竞争指标——树冠影响度。采用典型选样法设置研究样地,并对样地内树种的各个测树因子进行调查统计,应用树冠影响度对数据进行分析讨论,结果显示:样地树种平均树冠影响度为0.359 4,样地中群落竞争相对较弱,群落结构相对稳定,其中马尾松(Pinus massoniana)的树冠影响度最小,为0.261 3;枫香(Liquidambar formosana)的树冠影响度最大,为0.510 1。优势种群树种平均树冠影响度小于非优势种群树种,优势种群受到的竞争较小,竞争能力较强,针叶树种平均树冠影响度小于阔叶树种树种,针叶树在群落中处于优势地位。     

The effects of belowground resources on aboveground allometric growth in Bornean tree species

Tree height and crown allometries reflect adaptations for resource acquisition and structural stability, as well as plastic responses to a heterogeneous environment. While both light and soil resources limit growth and influence competitive responses in tropical forests, the effects of belowground resources on allometries are less understood, especially within the understory. To characterize outcomes of tree competition along an edaphic resource gradient, we quantified variation in height and crown allometries of six Bornean tree species from contrasting regeneration niches (light-demanding vs. shade-tolerant) on two soil habitats (clay-fine loam and sandy loam) within a 52-ha forest dynamics plot. Using empirically-fit allometric parameters and diameter growth rates from plot census data, we modeled tree height and crown area growth over the projected life span of each species. Based on resource competition theory, we hypothesized that tree species specializing on and populations of generalist species growing on the relatively moister, more fertile clay-fine loam soil habitat would have faster height and crown growth rates, compared to those on the sandy loam habitat, regardless of regeneration niche. Among soil specialists and within generalists of both genera, trees growing on clay-fine loam had taller stems and larger crowns at a given age and faster height and crown area growth rates at most sizes than trees on sandy loam. Differences in height and crown growth were driven by the faster diameter growth rates of trees on clay-fine loam, not by differences in height- and crown-diameter allometries, as trees on sandy loam were significantly taller at a given diameter, and differences in crown allometry were not consistent across soil habitats. Characterizing the height and crown growth responses of trees along resource gradients provides insight into the mechanisms that maintain diversity in tropical forests. Our results point to the importance of adaptive and plastic responses to both above and belowground resource availability in determining the allometric growth of trees and suggest that this diversity of responses may contribute tree species coexistence through competition-based trade-off mechanisms and variation in growth among individuals. Additionally, as the importance estimating natural carbon sequestration increases with the escalating effects of anthropogenic climate change, differences in tree growth and architecture across soil habitats also have implications for the approximation of forest carbon storage on heterogeneous tropical soils.     

中亚热带檫树群落种问竞争及其种群密度调节的研究

研究中亚热带檫树群落种间竞争关系结果表明 ,平衡时檫树与其主要伴生树种光皮桦、丝栗栲重要值分别占 80 .6 4 %、12 .4 7%和 6 .89% ,呈共优状态但分布极不均匀。利用自疏模型并经改进单纯形法最优拟合求得檫树种群密度效应模型 ,且拟合结果达显著水平 ,反映出檫树种群自疏过程密度调节规律。     

基于种间竞争的遗传算法的改进

提出基于种间竞争的基本遗传算法的改进算法,并编写程序实现该改进算法.通过考核实例计算,发现改进后的算法具有更强的鲁棒性.