An advisory model for control of Puccinia recondita in winter wheat

Epidemics ofPuccinia recondita and resulting yield loss of winter wheat were studied in field experiments over three seasons in the Netherlands. Results are reported and used to construct an advisory model for control of brown rust, based on rust monitoring. If the fraction of leaves with rust (I) at a certain development stage is determined, the average number of rust sori per leaf (M) was estimated by: M=EXP(1.84+1.39ln(ln[1/(1-I)]). The final number of sori per leaf (Mf) at early dough was forecast by an exponential growth: Mf=M·EXP(RGR·t). The relative growth rate (RGR) averaged 0.163/day and the forecasting period, t, until early dough, was derived from published data. The forecast number of sori-days per leaf (S, AUDPC-value) was then obtained by: S=(Mf-M)/RGR. Yield loss (kg/ha) by brown rust was 1.15 times the number of sori-days per leaf at low rust intensities. The efficacy of the fungicides used was 85%. The forecast avoidable yield loss (L, kg/ha) was calculated by: L=0.85 (1.15 S). Economic thresholds for brown rust control at different development stages are given for Dutch wheat fields at a cost level of 270 kg/ha for one fungicide application.     

Thromboelastography: a tool for measuring hypercoagulability, hypocoagulability, and fibrinolysis

Objective: To describe the technique of thromboelastography (TEG) and review the applications of this coagulation test in humans and small animals. Data sources: Data sources included scientific reviews and original research publications. Human data synthesis: TEG in humans has been used for documentation of hypercoagulable and hypocoagulable states and has been shown to be beneficial in patient management. Veterinary data synthesis: Clinical evaluation of TEG in veterinary medicine is limited; however, recent reports have documented evidence of hypercoagulability in dogs with parvovirus and protein‐losing nephropathy. Additionally, many of the research models may be relevant to veterinary patients. Conclusions: TEG provides information about coagulation that is not available through routine coagulation tests. The application of TEG monitoring to veterinary patients shows promise; however, prospective clinical studies are needed.     

棉铃虫抗药性监测及其化学防治

1997～1998年,用浸叶接虫法测定了山西省南部棉区永济县棉铃虫对常用5种农药的抗药性,同时进行了多种农药防治棉铃虫田间药效试验研究。结果表明,永济县棉铃虫对氯氰菊酯已产生了高等水平的抗药性,对久效磷产生了中等水平的抗药性,但对灭多威仍未产生明显的抗药性。水胺硫磷、甲基对硫磷、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、丙·辛乳油和甲对·氯乳油等农药防治永济县二代棉铃虫效果较好     

试论全国棉花监测站点的布局

农情监测站点在全国的合理分布，是农情监测工作具科学性的基础。本文以棉花监测为例，讨论了棉花监测站布局的理论方法，并提出相应的布局方案供有关部门参考。     

Comparison of methods to assess dog owners' therapeutic compliance

Objective To compare different methods for assessing the compliance of veterinary clients administering medication to their dogs.
Procedure Thirty-one owners whose dogs were prescribed amoxycillin-clavulanate, twice and thrice daily, for a duration of five to seven days were recruited from three Sydney veterinary hospitals. Compliance was assessed by electronic monitoring devices, return medication counts, client self-reports and veterinarians' estimation of likely compliance.
Results Electronic monitoring showed owners administered on average 84% (range 7 to 104%) of prescribed medication to their dogs. Both return medication counts and client self-reports tended to overestimate therapeutic compliance when compared with electronic monitoring. When questioned, the majority of owners (71%) claimed perfect compliance with the prescribed regimen. No correlation was found between veterinarians' estimates of owner compliance and that assessed electronically.
Conclusion Electronic monitoring provided valuable information on dose timing and variation, but proved costly and difficult to employ in veterinary practice. Simplicity and low cost of return medication counts makes this method attractive for use in veterinary compliance studies. Client self-reports reliably detected some noncompliers and permitted identification of individual problems or errors. For practical purposes a combination of return medication counts and client self-reports may have merit in future veterinary compliance studies.     

2002年我国小麦条锈病发生回顾

2002年小麦条锈病是继 1950年、1964年和 1990年后在全国范围内又一次大流行 ,其发生面积近 670万hm²,损失小麦约 10亿kg。发生区域涉及甘、陕、川、渝、云、贵、宁、鄂、豫、鲁、冀等 11个省 (市 )区。 2001年冬季和2002年春季气候适宜 ,以条中 32号小种为代表的毒性菌系的发展 ,使我国绝大部分主栽小麦品种不抗病 ,出现了条锈病发生早、发展快和发生重等特点 ,促成了 2002年我国小麦条锈病的流行。尽管 2002年条锈病发生范围广 ,但损失少于 1990年。提出了以品种抗病性利用及小麦抗病性变异和病菌群体动态监测、药剂和农业防治相结合 ,病害发生流行预测预报和条锈菌菌源基地治理为主的持续治理策略。     

高寒阴湿地区半开放型暖棚牛舍冬季内环境监测评价

在高寒阴湿的寒冷地区修建半开放型暖棚牛舍,充分利用塑料膜的温室效应,能够达到保暖增膘的饲养目的,本课题研究采用定期定点观测的方法,在冬春季扣膜后,对暖棚牛舍和普通圈舍的采光系数、入射角、透光角、舍内外的温度、湿度及CO2、NH3、H2S等主要技术指标进行了监测和对比.结果表明暖棚牛舍(试验组)舍内11月份～3月份平均温度为8.78℃;平均湿度为55.53%;舍内的CO2含量平均为0.141%;NH3平均为19.02 mg/m3;H2S平均为9.91 mg/m3;采光系数为0.86;入射角为64°;透光角为45°.普通牛舍(对照组)的平均温度为0.25℃;平均湿度为66.75%;舍内的CO2平均为0.137%;NH3平均为18.49 mg/m3;H2S平均为9.64 mg/m3;采光系数为0.082;入射角为35°;透光角为10°.试验组牛的授配率、产仔成活率、繁活率分别比对照组提高了24%、17%、50%,而患病率降低了2.6%.     

Monitoring the Immune Status of Broilers Against Reoviruses Using Challenge and Serologic Data

Reoviruses are an important cause of suboptimum performance in commercial broilers worldwide. Integrators use the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against the S1133 antigen for monitoring serum of breeders for indicating pullet vaccine success. However, without correlating serology to reovirus challenge, it is difficult to determine whether titers reflect protective immunity. We developed a broiler challenge test against 2 common reovirus isolates (2408 and S1133) to evaluate the efficacy of reovirus pullet vaccine programs. Two reovirus serologic and challenge studies were undertaken using chicks from broiler integrators from the southeastern United States. Breeder flocks, from which the chicks were obtained, received at least 1 live and 2 inactivated reovirus vaccines during their pullet phase. One-day-old progeny were collected from 6 breeder flocks. At 1 d of age, 20 chicks from each broiler flock were bled, and serum was analyzed for antibodies. At 3 to 4 d of age, 20 progeny per flock were challenged with the 2408 reovirus by intratracheal route. At 10 to 14 d of age, another 20 birds per flock were challenged with the S1133 reovirus by footpad. Twenty birds per flock were used as nonchallenged controls. At 3 wk of age, all birds were killed and weighed. Percentage of protection was calculated for each flock based on the absence of gross lesions. Flocks with at least 50% protection were considered well protected. Most flocks were well protected against both viruses. The percentage of protection correlated with day-old enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers. Chicks from younger hens had higher titers and the best protection against challenge. Producers, whose hen flocks were monitored herein, were doing a good job of immunizing pullets against reovirus. They are now using reovirus progeny challenge studies along with breeder antibody titers to determine vaccination success of their pullets.     

黑龙江省兴凯湖保护区的基本特点及其有效管理

兴凯湖保护区是我国东北穆棱一三江平原湿地最具代表性、保存最好、面积最大的区域，而且与俄罗斯接壤，可以说是湿地生物多样性保护的一个热点区域。在当前提倡对湿地、淡水水域和海域加大保护力度的关键时刻，集中相应的人力、物力对它给予更多的关注是十分必要的。本文对其基本特点、有效管理的成就和存在的问题作简要介绍，并提出相应的建议，供有关方面参考。     

新世纪保护区面临的挑战及其有效对策

道路、水库、建筑物、不断扩大的农田和土地退化正在使自然景观的完整性受到严重破坏。所保存的未经干扰或少受干扰的天然生态系统的面积日益缩小，犹如海洋中的孤岛。生物多样性受到严重的威胁。在自然保护区中，物种迁移和基因流动的可能性也在不断地降低。生物区域规划被认为是一种较好的选择，它力求把保护区和栽培地区视为一个有机整体，遵循保护和发展密切结合的方针，制定行动计划并予以实施。本文根据保护区的管理情况、工作条件和科研状况等，对保护区或区域的类型进行了划分，针对现实，提出了如何实施生物区域规划。