日本肯定列表制度对我国出口食用菌的影响和对策

分析了日本肯定列表制度、我国出口食用菌的现状和问题以及肯定列表制度对我国出口食用菌的影响．提出了加强农残监控、强化原料基地管理、严格卫生注册登记管理、加强农资销售市场管理、加强食用菌农药使用的研究与指导、完善标准体系6个方面的应对措施。     

Comparison of the Sensitivity of Landscape-fire-succession Models to Variation in Terrain, Fuel Pattern, Climate and Weather

The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity of modelled area burned to environmental factors across a range of independently-developed landscape-fire-succession models. The sensitivity of area burned to variation in four factors, namely terrain (flat, undulating and mountainous), fuel pattern (finely and coarsely clumped), climate (observed, warmer & wetter, and warmer & drier) and weather (year-to-year variability) was determined for four existing landscape-fire-succession models (EMBYR, FIRESCAPE, LANDSUM and SEM-LAND) and a new model implemented in the LAMOS modelling shell (LAMOS(DS)). Sensitivity was measured as the variance in area burned explained by each of the four factors, and all of the interactions amongst them, in a standard generalised linear modelling analysis. Modelled area burned was most sensitive to climate and variation in weather, with four models sensitive to each of these factors and three models sensitive to their interaction. Models generally exhibited a trend of increasing area burned from observed, through warmer and wetter, to warmer and drier climates with a 23-fold increase in area burned, on average, from the observed to the warmer, drier climate. Area burned was sensitive to terrain for FIRESCAPE and fuel pattern for EMBYR. These results demonstrate that the models are generally more sensitive to variation in climate and weather as compared with terrain complexity and fuel pattern, although the sensitivity to these latter factors in a small number of models demonstrates the importance of representing key processes. The models that represented fire ignition and spread in a relatively complex fashion were more sensitive to changes in all four factors because they explicitly simulate the processes that link these factors to area burned. The US Government's and the Canadian Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license is acknowledged     

A simple diffusion model of the effect of droplet size and spread area on foliar uptake of hydrophilic compounds

The uptake of a hydrophilic active ingredient through the leaves of plants is mathematically modelled as a simple diffusion process. A three layer model is considered consisting of the droplet, the cuticle and the subcuticle. Translocation of the active ingredient from the subcuticle is allowed for as is depletion of the active ingredient from the droplet. Both the effect of the size of the droplets on the leaf surface and surfactant enhanced spreading of the droplet is examined. It is found that decreasing the size of the droplet leads to an increase in the percentage uptake of the active ingredient. Increasing the spread area of the droplet is found to increase the percentage uptake with the effect greatest in larger droplets.     

姬松茸ISSR特异扩增体系的研究

为了建立稳定的姬松茸(Agaricus blazei Murill)简单序列重复区间(Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats,ISSR)分子标记技术体系,笔者通过单因子试验分别研究了模板DNA、Mg2 浓度、dNTP、引物浓度和Taq酶用量对姬松茸ISSR-PCR扩增的影响,确定了姬松茸ISSR分析的最佳PCR条件为:25μL反应体系中,模板DNA20ng,引物0.75μmol/L,dNTP200μmol/L,Mg2 2.0mmol/L,Taq DNA polymerase 1.5U。并应用该优化体系筛选到6个适合姬松茸ISSR-PCR扩增的引物,为利用ISSR标记技术研究姬松茸的种质资源提供了参考。     

Development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Peronospora parasitica</Emphasis> epidemics on radish as modelled by the effects of water vapour saturation deficit and temperature

Epidemics of Peronospora parasitica are strongly affected by temperature and air moisture, and the interaction of these factors. Because a significant percentage of radish plants are grown in greenhouses, it may be possible to influence epidemics by altering the greenhouse climate. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that epidemics of P. parasitica can be modelled by the effects of air temperature and moisture in the greenhouse. Such a model could then be used to analyse greenhouse climate control strategies with regard to managing downy mildew. Five radish crops were grown under greenhouse conditions with set-points for heating and ventilation intended to obtain favourable conditions for disease development during the first part of the growing cycle. Subsequent to this first phase, unfavourable conditions were set until harvest. Disease incidence was measured once a week until the radishes reached marketable size. In addition, experiments were carried out in growth chambers in which inoculated plants were subjected to air temperatures between 8 and 27°C, and disease incidence and sporulation intensity were measured. Data from these two experiments were then used to estimate model parameters. In this model, the interactions of air temperature (T) and water vapour saturation deficit (SD) were adequately described by a multiplicative relationship. The simulated epidemics by the fitted model were highly correlated with the observed epidemics (r = 0.91, R ² = 0.83, n = 29). Parameter estimates indicated that T of ca. 20°C and SD < 0.03 hPa resulted in the highest rates of disease development and that the rate was zero when SD > 2.0 hPa. Both experimental data and simulations showed that epidemics of P. parasitica can be effectively controlled by managing the greenhouse climate.     

草地刈割及其对草地生态系统影响的研究

本文较详细地评述了近几十年来国内外草地刈割活动及其对草地生态系统影响研究的进展。     

绵羊妊娠识别、建立和维持的信号系统

妊娠的建立和维持归因于胚体的信号和黄体对孕酮的产生,在反刍动物,胚体滋养层分泌的激素抑制子宫内膜产生前列腺素PGF2α。在发情周期的绵羊,孕酮下调子宫内膜腔上皮和子宫腺上皮孕酮受体基因的表达,并伴随着上皮雌激素受体和催产素受体的增加。在催产素的作用下,子宫开始分泌溶黄体作用的前列腺素F2α。在妊娠绵羊,孕体滋养层产生的干扰素可作用于子宫内膜而直接抑制雌激素受体基因和催产素受体基因的转录。孕酮、干扰素、胎盘催乳素和生殖激素共同组成了一个"作用网络"来调节子宫的功能分化和子宫腺的形态发生,从而维持绵羊妊娠。本文综述了绵羊妊娠识别、建立和维持的信号系统。     

基于有限元及试验技术的制动盘模态分析

针对制动噪声,基于有限元理论和方法,利用有限元分析软件MSC.NASTRAN对某盘式制动器制动盘进行模态分析,得到其固有频率和振型。同时,运用模态试验技术的锤击法对该制动盘进行模态试验,得到了试验模态参数,验证了有限元分析结果的准确性。研究表明,该制动盘前8阶固有频率主要集中在1~10 kHz范围内,对盘式制动器中高频制动噪声具有较大的影响。     

黑龙江垦区奶牛生产的系统分析

本文利用系统方法对黑龙江垦区的奶牛生产进行了分析，探讨了垦区奶牛的发展历史及其特点，划分了奶牛生产区域，进行了牛奶总产量主因素分析，预测了今后垦区生产发展的规模，在此基础上，提出垦区发展奶牛的一些看法。     

森林采伐限额与林业企业生产经营优化的探讨

简述了实施森林采伐限额制度的意义，以及实施限量采伐对林业企业经济的影响。利用投入产出与线性规划最优化模型对林业企业生产经营进行优化设计，提出了解决林业企业民限量采伐矛盾的方法和途径。