2000-2010年非洲耕地利用格局变化及其生态环境背景分析

【目的】科学探明世界第二大洲--非洲的耕地资源禀赋、准确揭示2000-2010年耕地动态变化规律和过程,服务全球粮食安全。【方法】采用全球首套30 m空间分辨率地表覆盖数据GlobeLand30 的 2000年和 2010年耕地数据产品,在不同分析指标和空间尺度上分析10年间非洲耕地利用格局的总体变化、地理差异特征及其生态环境背景。【结果】2000-2010 年,非洲耕地总面积增加了1 540.63×10⁴ hm²,变化率为 7.42%;5个区域10年间耕地面积变化率从大到小依次是：中非（10.42%）、东非（9.49%）、西非（7.55%）、北非（6.74%）和南部非洲（4.86%）;耕地面积数量增加排在前10位的国家是尼日利亚、坦桑尼亚、苏丹、肯尼亚、莫桑比克、乍得、阿尔及利亚、赞比亚、津巴布韦和布基纳法索;耕地面积数量减少排在前10位的国家是科特迪瓦、马里、安哥拉、加纳、马拉维、突尼斯、布隆迪、卢旺达、刚果（金）和南非。2010年,非洲耕地复种指数为98.11%,10年间变化率为13.54%;2010年,5个区域的复种指数从大到小依次是西非（163.75%）、中非（148.01%）、东非（76.64%）、北非（75.20%）和南部非洲（57.56%）。耕地空间格局变化区域差异明显,耕地在各经纬度带上以增加为主,以东半球和北半球面积增加较多;新增耕地主要由林地、草地和灌木地等植被类型开发利用转入,分别占转出总量的 15.19%、66.37%和 11.20%,减少耕地主要转成为林地、草地和灌木地,转出面积分别占转出总量的 21.15%、61.19%和11.78%,新增的耕地面积远大于减少的面积。从耕地变化与生态环境因子之间的关系来看,耕地增减变化主要发生在年均温度为20-30℃区域和年均降水为600-1 200 mm的区域,以及500-1 000 m高原区间和坡度小于2°的平缓地带。【结论】2000-2010年,非洲耕地面积数量和空间变化剧烈,不同区域和国家的耕地变化存在明显差异。研究结果揭示了非洲耕地空间分布及时空变化特征,不仅可为分析全球耕地空间分布格局、揭示其地域差异和时空波动规律提供重要基础参考,也可为耕地增减变化比较集中的区域的政策导向、土地产权制度调整提供科学依据,服务全球粮食安全问题解决。     

Response of Ugandan common bean varieties to Pseudocercospora griseola and Angular leaf spot disease development in varietal mixtures

Angular leaf spot (ALS) is one of the most economically important bean diseases in Africa. One promising control option for the disease is the use of mixtures of resistant and susceptible varieties. This research evaluated (1) the reaction of farmer preferred bean varieties to ALS in the screenhouse and on-station and (2) the effect of different spatial arrangements of resistant and susceptible bean varieties on ALS disease development. For the latter, five mixture combinations and two controls were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design having three replicates. Analysis of variance and least significant differences (LSDs) were used to compare disease levels in both studies above. Varietal screening showed significant differences in varietal reaction to ALS. Screenhouse disease scores ranged between 0 and 5, compared to 0.7–3.9 in the field. For the varietal mixture trial, the lowest disease levels and the highest mixture efficiencies were observed for the combination of equal proportions of the susceptible and resistant varieties randomly mixed (even mixture) prior to planting. We conclude that even mixtures reduce the amount of ALS disease that develops in the season.     

Examining Human Perception of Elephants and Large Trees for Insights Into Conservation of an African Savanna Ecosystem

African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and large trees have ecological and human value, but elephant impact on large trees may influence conservation strategies. We used a self-administered questionnaire to examine perceptions of elephants, large trees, and elephant management endeavors among tourists and residents in the Associated Private Nature Reserves, South Africa to inform management approaches. The questionnaire included photographs of different elephant types and of vegetation with varying degrees of elephant-impact. Respondents reported high attractiveness rankings for all elephant types, but they scored non-impacted trees higher than photos of trees with visible elephant impact. Results also revealed a significant positive correlation between elephant types known to cause high tree impact and attractiveness of non-impacted trees. Residents favored more intrusive elephant management methods, with environmental manipulation representing the most supported and balanced option for both interest groups. Respondents advocated management that focuses on ecosystem functioning more so than elephant population control.     

全球水稻生产现状与制约因素分析

【目的】分析全球水稻生产现状及其制约水稻生产的主要因子,探讨提高水稻产量的主要途径。【方法】采用全球水稻生产资料定量分析水稻面积和单产变化及其对总产贡献,及制约水稻生产的主要因素。【结果】全球水稻生产自1961年至2006年,由于复种指数提高,面积增长32%,年均增长0.61%。单产提高1.21倍,年均增长1.82%,单产提高主要依靠矮杆品种和杂交稻及其配套栽培技术的推广,灌溉设施改善和化肥施用。总产增长1.92倍,年均增长2.46%。水稻总产增长中,由面积增长贡献27%,由单产提高贡献73%。20世纪60年代以来全球水稻面积年增长率呈现逐年下降趋势。近年来水稻单产的增长率逐年变小,20世纪80、90年代和2000年以来分别为2.58%、0.98%和1.16%。面积下降和单产增长率变小导致总产增长率下降,20世纪80、90年代和2000年以来总产年均增产率分别为2.73%、1.48%和0.88%。制约水稻生产的主要因子是,水稻生产技术对单产提高的贡献率下降,病虫草危害及自然灾害频繁,多熟制生产系统水稻单产下降,水稻生产效益低。【结论】提高水稻产量的主要技术对策是改良水稻品种和扩大杂交稻应用,在非洲推进非洲新水稻应用,推广水稻集成栽培技术弥合水稻产量差异,发展水稻机械化生产技术及政府加大对水稻生产的政策支持。     

非洲香蕉和大蕉产销概况

非洲是全球重要的香蕉和大蕉产出地。2009年非洲香蕉总产约为世界的12.6%;大蕉总产约为世界的81%。两者合计非洲香蕉和大蕉总产约为世界的28%。尤其在非洲撒哈拉边缘,大蕉占了当地大约1亿居民主食的四分之一。非洲香蕉和大蕉主生产区主要分布在非洲东部、西部和中部。东部非洲各国香蕉总产大约为780万t,平均每公顷香蕉产出...     

我国援非农业技术示范中心可持续发展战略初探

自2006年11月中非合作论坛北京峰会后,中国援非农业技术示范中心工程项目相继竣工。国家将对示范中心提供建成后头3年的运行经费,之后将以企业运行方式实现可持续发展。充分认识和利用当地的自然资源、引入精耕细作种植模式、解决非洲粮食危机、关注小农利益、授人以渔及加强交流等是未来实现示范中心可持续发展的重要方法。     

非洲主要林业国家木材资源概况

概述了非洲森林资源及木材加工现状,并对非洲主要的8个森林资源大国的森林资源分布、主要树种、珍贵木材、出口等方面做了介绍。非洲森林资源丰富,类型多样,经济价值高,木材径级及蓄积量大,在我国木材进口市场中的地位日渐凸显。     

气候变化对非洲水资源和农业的影响

尽管非洲是世界上温室气体排放总量或人均排放量最少的地区,但在承受气候变化造成的恶劣影响方面首当其冲。气候变化已经给非洲的水资源、农业、生物多样性、人类健康和国家安全等带来诸多严重影响,粮食生产和水资源一直是非洲长期面临的两大难题,也是深受气候变化影响的两大领域还较欠缺,需要在未来的研究中进一步加强,以探寻减缓气候变化对非洲水资源和农业不利影响的有效途径。本文系统梳理了气候变化对非洲水资源系统和农业生产影响的研究成果和不足,以期为非洲气候变化影响评估工作提供一定参考和借鉴。已有的观测结果表明,气候变化导致非洲许多山脉冰川面积正在大范围缩减、大部分地区降水量有所减少,降雨的年际间分布也更为不稳定,通过水文模型的模拟预测,未来气候变化将进一步影响降水量和非洲部分地区河流的径流量,导致非洲水资源供给压力加大。同样,气候变化也给非洲农业生产带来了巨大的挑战,无论是观测结果分析,还是统计模型和作物模型等对不同气候情景和时间尺度下非洲农业的模拟研究,都显示气候变化对非洲农业以负面影响为主,导致非洲干旱加剧、生长季改变和粮食产量下降,并可能危及非洲的粮食安全。然而,现有研究结果还存在较多不确定性,其主要集中在未来气候情景数据、研究方法、数据的质量和数量等方面。与世界其它地区相比,非洲气候变化影响研究无论是研究的深度和广度都     

Pest status and control of blister beetles in West Africa

Abstract

During recent years, blister beetles have gained importance in species diversity and as pests of food crops in West Africa. Among the 97 species reported, Psalydolytta fusca Oliv, and P. vestita Duf. are economically important beetle species. Beetle abundance is generally associated with the flowering of crops in a region. Regular intensive weeding and early crop establishment are recommended for pest management in food crops. Global pest control strategies are discussed in the context of subsistence agriculture.     

Thieves,bats and fruit flies: local ecological knowledge on the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda in relation to three ‘invisible’ intruders in orchards in Guinea

We held interviews with 100 mango and cashew growers in Guinea, West Africa. Fewer than 20 questions dealing with the tree-inhabiting weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda were developed, based on local context and related research conducted on farmers' knowledge in other countries. More than half of the growers reported that ants protect their orchard from thieves. Apart from deterring snakes, about 46% of the growers mentioned that weaver ants reduce damage by fruit-eating bats; some reported that bats do dislike the smell of weaver ants. Whereas the relationship between ants and humans or conspicuous fruit bats is well understood, a quantitative appreciation of the effect of Oecophylla on small insect pests, such as fruit flies, is more complex. Despite the fact that 57% of the growers reported that Oecophylla had a positive effect on mango fruit quality, many classified Oecophylla as a pest due to its nuisance during harvest, and they requested the plant protection staff to help them with pesticides. Strategies to strengthen local ecological knowledge are discussed.