基于GIS的人居环境生态适宜性评价——以宁夏中部干旱带为例

适宜的人居环境对促进人类社会经济系统与自然生态系统协调发展具有重要意义。以30 m×30 m的栅格为基本单元,运用RS和GIS技术,对原始影像数据进行解译、提取、运算和分析,结合研究区的实际情况,得到宁夏中部干旱带人居环境生态适宜性模型（HEI）,并对适宜性的空间分异特征进行初步评价。结果表明： ① 宁夏中部干旱带人居环境适宜性指数介于16.05～84.90之间,整体生态适宜性较高。空间格局表现为：除东北角少数乡镇外,从西南方向到东北方向适宜性逐渐提高,从南到北适宜性逐渐提高。② 研究区发展受水资源限制较大,适宜性地区沿灌渠和水系呈带状分布。高度适宜区占7.64%,较适宜区占11.49%,一般适宜区占27.42%,临界适宜和不适宜区占研究区总面积的53.45%。通过对宁夏中部干旱带人居环境生态适宜性评价,以期为宁夏境内生态移民区选址和生态环境保护提供数据支撑。     

基于村民参与式的乡村人居环境评价研究

乡村人居环境改善是城乡统筹发展的重要内容,也是美丽乡村建设的关键所在。笔者着眼于“以人为本”的视角,以重庆市铜梁区南城街道鱼溅村为例,通过村民参与式与数学模型定量的研究方法,研究乡村人居环境村民的满意度和优化方向。研究结果显示：鱼溅村人居环境的整体满意度水平一般,人居软环境系统的社会环境与经济环境满意度为一般和不满意,硬环境系统的设施环境和生态环境对整体满意度贡献率较高,结论表明鱼溅村亟需加强对人居软环境系统的优化;同时,研究还显示鱼溅村人居环境满意度的空间分布差异较大,这说明人居环境的优化需要合理布局、整体筹划。笔者最后提出了优化的对策,对山地丘陵地区的乡村人居环境建设具有普遍借鉴意义。     

Functional and numerical responses of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis to eggs of Nilaparvata lugens are not affected by genetically modified herbicide-tolerant rice

To safely and sustainably utilize genetic breeding techniques for crop production, greater understanding of the potential effects of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops on the ecological functions of predators is required. In the laboratory, we examined the functional and numerical responses of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter to eggs of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), which were reared on GMHT rice Bar68-1; the untransformed parental cultivar, D68; or a BPH-susceptive rice variety, Taichung Native 1. All stages of nymphs and female adult of C. lividipennis, either on GMHT rice or control plants, exhibited typical type II functional responses when fed on BPH eggs; the attacking rate and handling time of C. lividipennis on GMHT rice Bar68-1 was not significantly different from that on D68. The numerical responses of C. lividipennis on GMHT rice or controls fit Beddington’s model; there were no significant differences in the parameters of numerical responses between GMHT rice Bar68-1 and D68. The results indicated that the functional and numerical responses of C. lividipennis to BPH eggs are not affected by GMHT rice Bar68-1.     

Food safety management and regulation:International experiences and lessons for China

China is experiencing rapid urbanization,changes in diets,and modernization of food retailing and production. In this context,food safety can become a greater concern for a variety of reasons. The purpose of this article is to review the international experiences and lessons regarding food safety management,regulation,and consumer behavior,with the goal of identifying how to improve food safety in middle income countries such as China. International experience in addressing food safety provides two general kinds of lessons. First,a middle-income country such as China needs to develop the capacity to carry out risk analysis in order to better focus public resources on the most important risks. Second,it will be important to leverage market incentives so as to make the best use of limited public capacity to enforce standards. International experiences show that food safety management is feasible where market incentives exist,and that public-private partnerships can support the process of improving food safety management. Market incentives require effective consumer or buyer demand,mechanisms to identify and reward quality,and supply chain coordination. Public efforts can be targeted to supporting these market developments for the risks that are the greatest burden to public health.     

Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (ω-3) Supplementation on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors with a Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet

Background: the ketogenic diet (KD) has become a widely used nutritional approach for weight loss. Some of the KD’s positive effects on metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors are similar to those seen after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation. We hypothesized that a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts combined with ω-3 supplementation may have increased positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation. Methods: We analyzed 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight. The subjects followed a ketogenic diet protocol for four weeks; with (KDO3) or without (KD) ω-3 supplementation. Results: All subjects experienced a significant loss of body weight and body fat and there was no significant differences between treatment (body weight: KD—4.7 kg, KDO3—4.03 kg, body fat KD—5.41 kg, KDO3—5.86 kg). There were also significant decreases in total cholesterol, LDL-c, and glucose levels. Triglycerides and insulin levels decreased more in KDO3 vs. KD subjects, with a significant difference. All the investigated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) decreased significantly in KDO3 subjects whilst only TNF-α showed a significant decrease in KD subjects over the 12 month study period. No significant changes were observed in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1Ra), creatinine, urea and uric acid. Adiponectin increased significantly only in the KDO3 group. Conclusions: ω-3 supplementation improved the positive effects of a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on some cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors and inflammatory state.     

南方复合地貌区DEM内插算法的对比研究

数字高程模型是数字地形分析的重要数据基础,在土壤、水文、地貌、生态环境、地质灾害、农业等领域均有广泛应用。插值生成的DEM精度与插值算法本身特性、插值区域地貌类型都密切相关,研究插值算法对不同地貌类型的拟合精度差异,对提高DEM插值精度具有重要意义。以平原丘陵兼有、水网密集分布的南方复合地貌区为研究区,对ANUDEM,IDW,Kriging,Spline,NNI,TIN六种插值算法生成的DEM分别从总体、丘陵岗、平原3方面进行误差评价,结果表明:在丘陵岗地区,ANUDEM精度最高,对地形因子拟合程度最为准确;在平原地区,ANUDEM,TIN精度较高,能准确刻画水网等细节信息;总体而言,ANUDEM插值生成的DEM更能够精确地模拟南方复合地貌区的真实地形。     

根河林业局森林生态服务功能价值评估

利用内蒙古大兴安岭森林生态站的长期定位观测和根河林业局2012年森林资源统计数据,参照林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1271-2008),首次采用分布式评估与旅行成本相结合的方法,对根河林业局森林生态服务功能进行价值评估。结果表明:1)根河林业局森林服务功能价值为317亿元·a^-1,各功能对总价值量的贡献率依次为固碳释氧>涵养水源>保育土壤>净化大气环境>物种保育>营养物质积累>森林游憩。2)固碳释氧和涵养水源功能是根河林业局森林的主要功能,占服务功能总价值量的63.7%。森林年固碳量可抵消内蒙古自治区碳排放量（6 987.07万t,2008年）的7.8%;年涵养水源量对根河年径流量(20.6亿m³)的贡献率为32.8%,是海拉尔河年径流量(32亿m³)的21.1%。3)针叶林单位面积服务功能价值量大于阔叶林,不同树种六大功能单位面积的价值量依次为樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)>兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)>白桦(Betula platyphylla)>山杨(Populus davidiana)。4)单位面积服务功能价值量随林分年龄增大而增大,不同龄组六大功能单位面积的价值量为过熟林>成熟林>近熟林>中龄林>幼龄林。     

基于AHP法的西安市9个公园绿地冬季植物景观评价

以西安市9个公园绿地冬季植物景观为研究对象,采用数量化研究方法,建立冬季植物景观评价体系,采用层次分析法（AHP法）对其冬季植物景观进行评价。结果显示:3个评价准则中最重要的是美学,其权重为0.620 0,其次是生态学和心理学;因子层中植物景观空间层次对公园冬季景观影响最大,其权重为0.392 3。西安市植物园各因子综合得分最高,冬季景观效果最佳。结合实际为西安市公园冬季景观建设提出建议。     

福建将乐林场栲类次生林健康评价研究

以福建将乐林场栲类次生林为研究对象,首先根据区域社会经济发展需求和栲类次生林特点,采用层次分析法确定其主导功能,然后构建了基于主导功能的健康评价指标体系,对栲类次生林小班健康状况进行评价。结果表明:在栲类次生林的127个小班中,处于优质、健康、亚健康、不健康、疾病状态的小班数量分别为26、32、42、16、11个,面积所占的比例分别为32.1%、21.6%、30.0%、10.5%、5.7%。其中,严格保护型经营类型的小班健康状况优于经营保护型和一般保护型。评价结果符合实际情况。为制定合理的经营措施,提高栲类次生林的健康状态提供了理论和方法依据。     

南昌市3个城中湖泊夏季轮虫和甲壳类群落特征及水质评价

为探究城市湖泊浮游动物群落结构特征和分布与水环境因子之间的关系,并评价南昌市典型城市湖泊夏季水质状况,运用多维尺度分析（MDS）和典范对应分析（CCA）方法,对南昌3个城市湖泊———东湖、青山湖、月亮湖的轮虫和甲壳类浮游动物群落进行了研究,分析了浮游动物的多样性指数。结果表明,轮虫是夏季城市湖泊中浮游动物的优势类群,优势度（Y）大于0．02的浮游动物分别为剪形臂尾轮虫（Brachionus forficula）、裂足臂尾轮虫（Brachionus diversicornis）、萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）、桡足类无节幼体（Copepoda nauplii）和卜氏晶囊轮虫（Asplanchna brightwelli）;3个湖泊之间浮游动物的群落结构差异显著（P ＜0．05）,明显划分为东湖群落、青山湖群落和月亮湖群落。叶绿素 a 浓度、浊度和溶氧是浮游动物分布的显著影响因子（P ＜0．05）。多样性指数评价显示,东湖为清洁型水体,青山湖为清洁－中污型水体,月亮湖为轻污－中污型水体。综合评价表明,东湖和青山湖水体为寡营养水平,月亮湖为中富营养水平。