Genetic diversity of potato landraces from northwestern Argentina assessed with simple sequence repeats (SSRs)

Andean potato varieties are cultivated in the northwest of Argentina and constitute the most important staple food for the local farmers. The genetic diversity of 155 accessions conserved at the Genebank of Balcarce (INTA) was tested using four microsatellites. Three commercial potato varieties of Tuberosum group and one accession of Curtilobum group were used as outgroups. The presence of bands was scored for each microsatellite and for each accession and the data were analysed by principal coordinate analysis. The polymorphism information content was obtained for each molecular marker from banding patterns. Analysis of molecular variance was carried out with a variable number of accessions for each landrace, from different departments and sites within departments. More than one genotype was detected in the majority of the potato landraces. Some accessions within each landrace did not differentiate. AMOVA revealed that most of the genetic variation occurred among sites within departments and among local varieties. These findings are discussed considering the agricultural practices carried out in the Andean farming system.     

土壤透气性及粘土颗粒比表面积与粘土颗粒粒度分布分形维数关系

采用数字显微系统测定了部分华南地区土壤中粘土颗粒粒径分布分形维数值,提出了土壤中粘土颗粒群粒度分布分形维数的几何法计算模型,并就这种分形维数与土壤比表面积和土壤透气性等性质的相互关系作了初步探讨。结果表明,采用数字显微系统测定的粘土颗粒粒径分布分形维数值介于2.2708到2.9483之间,与常规方法测定结果吻合;含砂较多的土壤样品,BET比表面积和Blaine透气时间随粒度分布分形维数值增大而减小;含粘粒较多的土壤样品,BET比表面积和Blaine透气时间同随粒度分布分形维数值增大而增大。     

Fast and efficient discrimination of the Isotoma viridis group (Insecta: Collembola) by PCR-RFLP

Identification of collembolan species is generally based on specific morphological characters, such as chaetotaxy and pigmentation pattern. However, some specimens do not match to described characters because these refer to adult specimens, often of one specific sex, or the characters are highly variable in adults (e.g. pigmentation, setae or furcal teeth). Isozymes have frequently assisted species discrimination, and also these may vary with developmental stage or environmental conditions. For identification of single species of the Isotoma viridis group, we present both direct sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) gene and a simple DNA-based molecular method.

Five PCR primers amplifying the COII region (717 bp) of the mitochondrial DNA were used. The sequences clearly separated the species I. viridis, I. riparia and I. anglicana, irrespective of colour varieties within the first species. DNA amplification products of different species can also be distinguished by digestion with restriction endonucleases, followed by gel electrophoresis for separation of fragments. This restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), obtained after digestion with the endonucleases TaqI, VspI, MvaI and Bsp143I, revealed specific fragments that separated the three species from each other. Since restriction enzymes are sensitive to single base mutations, we suggest to use a combination of enzymes with at least two species-specific restriction sites when using the RFLP technique. For the I. viridis complex, VspI and Bsp143I appear to be an appropriate combination.     

黄瓜的分子标记和连锁图谱研究进展

黄瓜分子标记和遗传连锁图谱的研究工作相对番茄、小麦等作物比较落后,至今开展的分子标记研究多围绕黄瓜遗传关系分析进行,现有的几张遗传连锁图谱基本是由美国Staub研究小组完成,已被定位在图谱上的同工酶、RAPD、RFLP、SSR、AFLP等标记总数达到300多个,各标记间平均距离达到2.1cM,被整合在一起的遗传基因不足10个(F、B、de、ll、dm)。     

黄鳝内脏碱性磷酸酶功能基团的初步研究

经Tris—HCl缓冲液（pH8．6）抽提,正丁醇脱脂,硫酸绥分级沉淀分离,DEAE—Sepharose Fast Flow和Sephacryl S-200柱层析,从黄鳝内脏中提取出电泳纯的碱性磷酸酶。用PCMB,NBS,PMSF,TNBS,SUAN,DTT及IAA在一定条件下选择性修饰该酶的各种氨基酸残基,并对酶活力的变化作出测定。结果表明,PMSF,NBS,TNBS,SUAN和DTT的修饰能显著抑制酶的活性,且酶活力降低程度与修饰别的浓度相关;IAA和PCMB的修饰不表现对酶的抑制作用。初步认为,Ser,Lys和Trp残基为黄鳝碱性磷酸酶的必需功能基团,部分二硫键对保护酶的催化能力是必需的。     

层次分析法中群体决策的特征根排序法

本文将 AHP 中特征根排序法推广到群体 AHP 决策中,定义3群体决策的二次判断矩阵与群体特征权重向量。给出了群体特征权重向量存在的充要条件,在二次判断矩阵可逆的条件下,引入最优化问题并给出了群体特征权重向量的最优估计的计算公式,以及加权形式的最优估计的计算公式。     

尖孢镰孢霉萎蔫专化型与营养体亲和群间相关性的研究

测得两个采自新疆喀什地区莎车县的棉枯萎病菌尖孢镰孢萎蔫专化型菌株不能利用硝酸盐的营养突变体ｎｉｔ间亲和指数为１００，而二者与分别属尖孢镰孢甜瓜专化型、西瓜专化型和黄瓜专化型的另４个菌株间亲和指数均为零——属不同的营养体亲和群。由此证明，尖孢镰孢霉萎蔫专化型与其归属的营养体亲和群ＶＣＧ高度相关。     

西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)营养体亲和群研究

从浙江各地、江苏南部和上海等地采集的西瓜枯萎病株和其他瓜类植株上,分离纯化尖孢镰孢霉(Fusarium oxysporum)菌种23个(每个菌种来自一个植株样本).接种试验表明:酉瓜植株上分离的19个菌种,有16个对长蜜、新红宝和圳宝等3个酉瓜品种表现为致病性,而其他菌种表现为非致病性.所有23个菌种均获得抗氯酸盐的硝酸盐营养突变株(nit mutant).根据来自同一菌种nit突变株的营养体亲和性与突变类型鉴定,选择3个西瓜致病菌的Nit M类型突变株(W 024～5,W 072～4和W 014～9)为营养体亲和性测试株.各菌种上获得的nit突变株分别与测试株作营养体亲和性配对反应,23个菌种可划分成8个营养体亲和群(VCG)和1个营养体自身非亲和类型.16个西瓜致病菌中,除一个为营养体自身非亲和类型外,其余均属同一亲和群(M1001),而与西瓜非致病菌不存在营养体亲和反应.由此显示:营养体亲和群与西瓜枯萎病菌存在相关性,而与地理分布无关.     

离子束介导转大豆DNA小麦后代品质和农艺性状分析

利用离子束介导外源基因群转移的方法,分别将大豆全长DNA、DNA片段导入小麦,通过对M_1～M_3蛋白质含量和株高、粒质等农艺性状的变异分析可知,该方法能有效提高小麦蛋白质含量,降低株高,改变粒质。M_1获得蛋白质含量18％以上(较ck增加2.0个百分点)单株183个,M_2获得蛋白质含量18％以上(较ck增加3.6个百分点)单株33个,M_3获得蛋白质含量18％以上(较ck增加5.1个百分点)单株35个。M_3获得株高62cm以下(较ck降低7cm)的单株102个,占4.1％,部分单株株高能够稳定遗传。转基因后代部分单株和株系籽粒变为全角质。     

EM发酵饲料喂猪增重试验研究

EM(有效微生物群)是一种新型复合型微生物制剂,无毒害、无残留、不污染环境。经用A、B两种饲料以EM发酵处理后喂猪试验结果,增重显著地高于对照组,料肉比明显降低(经EM发酵处理后的A料料肉比由原来的4.87∶1降低到4.28∶1;B料由原来的4.23∶1降低到4.03∶1),且经济效益显著提高。试验证明,应用EM发酵饲料喂猪,不仅明显降低养猪成本,提高饲料报酬,而且增强机体抗病力,促进猪的生长。为加快养猪业的发展,建议我各猪场、养猪专业户大力推广EM生物技术。