Cigarette dust particles induced lung function injury of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mice

AIM: To investigate the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive disease (COPD) in mice by using nasal drip of cigarette dust particles (DSP) induced pulmonary function damage model.METHODS: BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group, LPS 100 mg/L group, DSP 0.75 mL/L group, DSP 1.5 mL/L group and DSP 3 mL/L group for 30 days. The method of nasal drip was used for 30 days to establish the COPD model. Rrs, Ers, Crs, Est, Cst, P-3/8Rn, P-3/8G and P-3/8H were measured for evaluating lung function of the mice in each group by the method of FlexiVent. The effect on the increase of airway resistance induced by methacholine (Mach) was determined using main bronchial rings by Myograph method. The HE, Masson and Resorcinol fuchsin staining of mouse tracheas and lung tissues were conducted. RESULTS: Continuous nasal drip with DSP for 30 days increased Rrs, Ers, Est, P-3/8Rn and decreased Crs, Cst, P-3/8G and P-3/8H in the mice. DSP significantly shifted the dose-effect curve of tracheal contraction induced by Mach to the left, increased the sensitivity of the airway to Mach, and significantly increased the maximal contractile airway effect of Mach. Exposure to DSP caused fibrosis of airway subepithelial, deposition of collagen in the airway basement membrane under the reticular plate, induced reticular plate thickening, pulmonary bronchial lumen serious deformation, and the inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung of mice. Significantly increased alveolar wall muscle fibers and collagen fibers were also observed. CONCLUSION: The lung function and pathomorphological changes of COPD mice induced by 30 days nasal drip of cigarette dust particles were similar to those of human COPD.     

不同动态水压模式下迷宫流道内颗粒物运动特性研究

采用PTV技术,观测三角函数、三角、台阶、矩形波形动态水压模式下迷宫流道内颗粒物的运动情况,分析不同动态水压模式下迷宫流道内单个颗粒物运动轨迹、运动速度及流体流场,揭示动态水压抗堵塞机理。结果表明:相对于三角、台阶及矩形波形动态水压模式,三角函数波形动态水压模式下颗粒物滞留滞止区内的时间最短,颗粒物的沉积概率最小,水流对颗粒物的输移能力最大;三角函数波形动态水压模式下流道内产生的水流波动效应不断冲击流道滞止区内存在的低速漩涡,加剧了滞止区水流紊动,进入滞止区的颗粒物随水流不断运动,并对滞留甚至沉积在滞止区内的颗粒物发生强烈冲击,使得颗粒物离底悬浮,返回主流区,并迅速通过流道,增大了水流对颗粒物的输移能力,增强了流道的抗堵塞性能。     

喀斯特不同侵蚀场地土壤颗粒分布及可蚀性特征

选取西南喀斯特最为典型的坡地、洼地和落水洞为研究单元,采用野外调查采样与室内试验相结合的方法,研究坡地、洼地和落水洞土壤颗粒的分布规律和土壤可侵蚀性特征。结果表明:土壤颗粒的质量分数分布,坡地为砂粒(42.25%)>粉粒(36.33%)>黏粒(21.42%);洼地为粉粒(51.80%)>砂粒(32.61%)>黏粒(15.59%);落水洞为粉粒(51.65%)>砂粒(31.67%)>黏粒(16.68%),坡地以砂粒为主,洼地和落水洞以粉粒为主。土壤可侵蚀性K值变化范围:坡地为0.07~0.22,洼地和落水洞分别为0.26~0.33和0.25~0.32,坡地土壤抗侵蚀能力强于洼地和落水洞。土壤分形维数与砂粒含量呈负相关,与粉粒含量呈正相关,与黏粒含量呈显著正相关。土壤可侵蚀性K值与砂粒和黏粒含量呈负相关,与粉粒含量呈显著正相关。土壤侵蚀沉积易形成质地较细,结构良好的土壤,但形成的土壤抗侵蚀能力较弱,易发生二次水土流失。     

水力侵蚀下砒砂岩坡面植被格局对土壤颗粒空间分布的影响

[目的] 研究内蒙古鄂尔多斯市典型砒砂岩地区不同植被格局下表层土壤颗粒组成空间分布特征,探明水力侵蚀下土壤颗粒分选搬运机制,为该区域生态环境恢复提供理论基础。[方法] 基于野外径流小区的原位监测试验,采用三维激光扫描与地统计学相结合的方法分析自然降雨条件下,砒砂岩坡面不同植被格局对表层土壤颗粒空间分布的影响。[结果] ①均匀分布的植被格局可有效抑制坡面的产流产沙。与裸露坡面相比其侵蚀区面积、平均径流量、平均泥沙量分别降低了5.35%,63.16%,76.47%。②均匀分布的植被格局下土壤黏粒、粉粒的含量分别较雨前增加了1.3%,2.2%,砂粒含量减少了3.2%;随机分布、聚集分布的植被格局下砂粒的含量分别增加了5.8%,15.3%,使土壤质地粗化。③不同的植被格局是引起土壤颗粒空间变异的主要因素。与降雨前相比,均匀分布、随机分布的植被格局使粉粒、砂粒的块金系数变高,空间自相关性降低;聚集分布的植被格局使黏粒、粉粒的块金系数由95.06%,83.89%降为0.07%,0.06%,表现出强烈的空间自相关性。[结论] 均匀分布的植被格局对砒砂岩坡面有着良好的水土保持作用,可显著减少坡面产流产沙过程并抑制土壤粗化。     

豫西石质丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤颗粒分形特征

运用分形理论,以豫西石质丘陵区土壤为供试材料,分析了天然次生林、荒草地、混交林、杨树林、耕地等5种土地利用方式的土壤颗粒分形特征及其与土壤各粒级含量、理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:1)研究区土壤细粒化较明显,具有一定的水土保持效应;2)5种用地方式分形维数平均值介于2.510～2.629之间,分维值大小依次为天然次生林>耕地>杨树林>混交林>荒草地,可以在一定程度上反映石质丘陵区水土流失的程度;3)土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤颗粒含量存在较强相关性,即土壤中黏粒含量越高,尤其是0.002～0.001 mm粒级含量越高,分形维数越大;4)研究区土壤颗粒分形维数与速效钾含量呈显著正相关,与其它理化性质的相关性均不明显。     

Safety and immunogenicity of BPV-1 L1 virus-like particles in a dose-escalation vaccination trial in horses

Reasons for performing study: Infection with bovine papillomaviruses types 1 and 2 (BPV‐1, BPV‐2) can lead to the development of therapy‐resistant skin tumours termed sarcoids and possibly other skin diseases in equids. Although sarcoids seriously compromise the welfare of affected animals and cause considerable economic losses, no prophylactic vaccine is available to prevent this common disease. In several animal species and man, immunisation with papillomavirus‐like particles (VLP) has been shown to protect efficiently from papillomaviral infection. Hypothesis: BPV‐1 L1 VLPs may constitute a safe and highly immunogenic vaccine candidate for protection of horses against BPV‐1/‐2‐induced disease. Methods: Three groups of 4 horses each received 50, 100 or 150 µg of BPV‐1 L1 VLPs, respectively, on Days 0, 28 and 168. Three control horses received adjuvant only. Horses were monitored on a daily basis for one week after each immunisation and then in 2 week intervals. Sera were collected immediately before, 2 weeks after each vaccination and one and 2 years after the final boost and analysed by pseudovirion neutralisation assay. Results: None of the horses showed adverse reactions upon vaccination apart from mild and transient swelling in 2 individuals. Irrespective of the VLP dose, all VLP‐immunised horses had developed a BPV‐1‐neutralising antibody titre of ≥1600 plaque forming units (pfu)/ml 2 weeks after the third vaccination. Eight of 10 trial horses still available for follow‐up had neutralising antibody titres ≥1600 pfu/ml one year and ≥800 pfu/ml 2 years after the last immunisation. Conclusion: Intramuscular BPV‐1 L1 VLP vaccination in horses is safe and results in a long‐lasting antibody response against BPV‐1. Neutralisation titres were induced at levels that correlate with protection in experimental animals and man. Potential relevance: BPV‐1 L1 VLPs constitute a promising vaccine candidate for prevention of BPV‐1/‐2‐induced disease in equids.     

FRW阻燃剂对复合保温板物理性能的影响

在研制木质碎料与聚苯乙烯颗粒复合保温板工艺中,施加FRW阻燃剂,用以提高复合保温板的阻燃性能。试验结果表明,在施加10％～20％的范围内,阻燃剂对复合保温板的导热系统、抗压强度和氧指数影响显著,对线性收缩率影响不显著。     

Generation of Airborne Particles from Horse Feeds Depending on Type and Processing

Among other factors (eg, bedding material, roughage), feed has an important effect on the airborne particle concentration in the stable air, in particular directly in the breathing zone of the horse during feeding. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze and compare the generation of different airborne particle fractions of diverse feed types and feed processing techniques under standardized laboratory conditions. Oats and barley as well as two commercially formulated ready-prepared pellets and two different commercially formulated ready-prepared mixes were analyzed. Oats were subjected to four different forms of processing (whole uncleaned, whole cleaned, rolled uncleaned, rolled cleaned), barley was subjected to steam flaking in addition to the same forms of processing as oats. In total, 13 feeds were analyzed. Airborne particle concentrations were detected online with a gravimetrically measuring analyzer that was equipped successively with different inlets to measure the particle fractions PM 1, PM 2.5, PM 10, and PM 20. The measurements were carried out in a closed chamber (1 × 1 × 1.5 m) including a bowl (diameter = 0.5 m), which simulated the trough. The sample inlet was situated at a height of 1.0 m above the bowl. Rolling oats and barley led to a significantly increased generation of the PM 20 fraction and a significantly decreased generation of the PM 2.5 fraction. The mechanical cleaning of oat and barley brings a clear decrease in dust generation from straights whether they are left whole or are rolled after cleaning. A considerable reduction in dust generation can be achieved if steam-flaked barley or commercially prepared feeds are used.     

An intratracheal instillation bioassay system for detection of lung toxicity due to fine particles in f344 rats

It is an urgent priority to establish in vivo bioassays for detection of hazards related to fine particles, which can be inhaled into deep lung tissue by humans. In order to establish an appropriate bioassay for detection of lung damage after particle inhalation, several experiments were performed in rats using quartz as a typical lung toxic particle. The results of pilot experiments suggest that Days 1 and 28 after intratracheal instillation of 2 mg of fine test particles in vehicle are most appropriate for detection of acute and subacute inflammatory changes, respectively. Furthermore, the BrdU incorporation on Day 1 and the iNOS level on Day 28 proved to be suitable end-point markers for this purpose. An examination of the toxicity of a series of particles was performed with the developed bioassay. Although some materials, including nanoparticles, demonstrated toxicity that was too strong for sensitive assessment, a ranking order could be clarified. The bioassay thus appears suitable for rapid hazard identification with a possible ranking of the toxicity of various particles at single concentrations.