基于SBE法的北京市郊野公园绿地结构质量评价技术

以北京市已建的郊野公园为研究对象,共收集46张一般绿地景观照片、50张建筑与小品和道路等人造硬质景观周边绿地景观照片、54张滨水植物景观照片和相关资料,采用景观美景度评判法对郊野公园这3种绿地类型进行景观评判,并利用多元数量化模型Ⅰ构建相应的美景度模型,对绿地结构的质量进行评价。结果表明:影响一般绿地结构主要因素为绿视率、郁闭度、植物色彩数量、植物色彩对比度、生活型构成和植物野趣程度;影响人造硬质景观周边绿地结构的主要因素为相对枝下高、总体协调性、栽植方式、枝叶密度和建筑物风格;影响滨水植物景观结构的主要因素为植被空间占有率、总体协调性、栽植方式和层片结构。根据景观美景度模型所反映的群众喜欢度,对郊野公园上述3种绿地的结构调整提出如下经营建议:1)对于一般绿地,应充分利用野生花草和乡土灌木,构建以乔灌草为主的林分结构,以增大绿地的绿视率,促进植被向近自然方向发展;结合密度调整,对现有绿地进行局部物种组成调整,充分利用不同色系植物营造出具有一定变化和对比度的景观;建议将郁闭度控制在0.6～0.8;加大大径级林木的培育力度,营造疏密有致的林下游憩空间;2)对于建筑、小品和道路等人造硬质景观周边绿地,可通过合理的植...     

几种小红栲变性淀粉的结构特性

目前世界上变性淀粉的年产量已经达到500万t左右,如美国为200万t以上,欧洲为90万t,日本在30万t以上;而我国在2000年变性淀粉的产量为35万t,仅为世界产量的7%,根本无法满足国内109万t以上的市场需求而每年都要从国外进口     

Rheological‐stiffness analysis of K+‐treated and CaCO3‐rich soils

Rheological methods are applied whenever flow behavior of substances needs to be investigated on a particle‐to‐particle scale executed by a parallel‐plate rheometer. Under oscillation, mechanical effects due to trafficking or vibrations caused by agricultural and forest machinery can be simulated by conducting amplitude‐sweep tests. Hooke's law of elasticity, Newton's law for ideal fluids (viscosity), Mohr‐Coulomb's equation, and, finally, Bingham's yielding are well‐known relationships and parameters in the field of rheology. This paper aims to introduce rheometry as a suitable method to determine the mechanical behavior of salt‐affected soils when subjected to external stresses. Potassium‐treated loamy sand from Halle and loamy silt from Kassel, both sites located in Germany, as well as loess from Israel, saturated with NaCl solutions in several concentrations were analyzed. From the stress‐strain–relationship parameters like the storage modulus G′ and the loss modulus G″, yield stress τ_y and the linear viscoelastic (LVE)–deformation range including the deformation limit γ_L, i.e., the transition from an elastic to a viscous state, were determined and calculated, respectively. With respect to salt effects, amplitude‐sweep tests on originally CaCO₃‐rich Avdat Loess show an increasing stability if saturated with higher NaCl concentrations. Comparable tests with K⁺‐rich substrates from Halle and Kassel evinced similar tendencies including the phenomenon of a critical K⁺ content, which becomes more obvious in case of the drained (–60h Pa) loamy‐silt samples from Kassel. Nevertheless, a higher microstructural stability is given in both substrates from Halle and Kassel, affected by different water contents, in general, which influence the exchange and availability of cations. The results verify that oscillatory tests are applicable for retracing salt‐induced effects, beside those ones, which are influenced by texture, current water content, and/or further chemical parameters.     

Soil organic matter beyond molecular structure Part I: Macromolecular and supramolecular characteristics

This contribution reviews and discusses structural aspects of soil organic matter (SOM) and humic substances (HS) with special respect to the macromolecular and the supramolecular view. It can be concluded that (1) dissolved humic acids behave as supramolecular associations of relatively small molecules with an enormous flexibility of reaction of environmental conditions, (2) multivalent cations may increase the apparent molecular weight by the formation of coordinative crosslinks in dissolved and undissolved natural organic matter (NOM), (3) sorption nonlinearity in solid humic acids and SOM may be due to polymer properties of NOM, (4) sorbates affect sorbent characteristics of SOM, and (5) hysteresis and conditioning effects in SOM can up to now best be explained with the polymer analogy. A distinct polydispersivity of SOM over a wide range of molecular masses is to be assumed. The supramolecular and the macromolecular models were derived from humic acids with different composition and on the basis of different sample states. Although the supramolecular model has not explicitely been shown for unfractionated DOM, the combination of all discussed studies suggests supramolecular as well as macromolecular characteristics of NOM. Neither macromolecules nor small molecules can be fully excluded in solid and dissolved SOM. Microregions with different properties provide different types of sorption sites. SOM is suggested to be regarded as amorphous material. This point of view is not restricted to high molecular masses and may supplement our understanding of SOM by the model of physical aging.     

森林病害的环境影响分析

森林病害严重危害着森林资源和环境安全。采用系统工程的方法,应用解释结构模型分析了森林病害对林分、森林生态环境和人类社会环境等3个层面13个方面的环境影响。提出对策:一是以森林健康理念指导森林病害管理;二是严格检疫制度,加强动态监测;三是实施分类治理,分区施策,以减轻森林病害的环境影响。图2参15     

挖坑机钻头螺旋面强度分析及结构参数探讨

经对挖坑机螺旋钻头的有限元计算分析，得出螺旋面的位移数据、应力分布规律及钻头易损部位。通过变换钻头结构参数，经模拟对比试验，找到影响强度的主要因素及参数的合理取值。计算值与实际相吻合。计算模型与方法切实可行，为挖坑机钻头的优化设计奠定了基础。     

松口蘑与赤松形成的外生菌根形态结构初步研究

对松口蘑菌丝与赤松根形成的外生菌根形态特征和解剖结构进行了初步研究。结果表明:感染松口蘑菌丝的赤松根呈不规则的多分支状或扫帚状,表面覆有松口蘑菌丝,但不形成由菌丝构成的菌鞘。赤松幼根感染松口蘑菌丝的部分呈暗褐色至黑色。被菌丝侵染表皮的细胞壁明显增厚,细胞内容物浓缩、变暗,皮层细胞内有明显的、淀粉粒样的大颗粒,细胞质浓缩、变暗。皮层细胞间不形成明显的“哈蒂氏网”。以上结果表明,松口蘑与赤松形成的外生菌根与典型的外生菌根明显不同。     

悬挂式施肥播种机阻漏肥装置的研究

针对使用搅刀－拨轮式排肥器的悬挂施肥播种机在施尿素等颗粒状肥料时，非工作状态所发生的肥料严重漏失问题，研究设计了阻止漏肥装置。试验结果表明，该装置利用播种机被提升和落下动作即能自动控制挡肥活门启闭，不增加拖拉机驾驶员的操作负担，能有效解决上述排肥器的漏肥问题。     

尿素转型后的氮素释放研究

利用培养试验研究尿素转型后氮素释放性能,结果表明,尿素转型后,硫脲,磷脲,硝脲的NH4-N,NO3-N和矿化氮释放动态比CO（NH2）2,NH4CL和单质氮肥的复混肥相对稳定,标准差偏小,从与含氮量相关系数上看,前者相关性好（r=0.6889),后者相关性差（r=0.3793)。这一结果表明：尿素转型后氮素的释放量和速率受控于其结构,而非单一氮素含量所决定,同时,单一CO（NH2）2,NH4Cl加入P,K复混后,缓释调控了NH4-N的释放量。     

绵羊和山羊基于两种标记的遗传分化初步研究

对湖羊、同羊及长江三角洲白山羊的随机样本分别进行14个结构基因座和7个微卫星标记的遗传检测,比较由2种遗传标记获得的群体基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及群体有效等位基因数,分别根椐2种类型的基因频率资料,计算3个群体间的标准遗传距离并加以比较.结果表明由微卫星等位基因频率获得的群体基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数显著大于由结构基因座获得的,由结构基因座资料计算的3个群体间标准遗传距离为0.026 8～0.248 7,微卫星标记资料计算的3个群体间标准遗传距离为0.232 1～1.231 3,绵山羊群体间显著大于绵羊间.结构基因座和微卫星标记一致揭示了3群体内的遗传变异程度由大到小依次为同羊、湖羊、长江三角洲白山羊;微卫星标记较结构基因座标记更能表达近缘种间进化趋异水平;可将FCB11、MAF33、AE101、FCB128及FCB304位点作为研究绵山羊近缘种间遗传分化的标志性位点.