Effects of long-term green manure application on the content and structure of dissolved organic matter in red paddy soil

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays important roles in soil biogeochemistry activity and nutrients transportation in soils, but studies regarding the long-term effects of green manures on the content and structure of DOM in red paddy soil have not been reported yet. A long-term green manure experiment established in 1982 was utilized to test the DOM contents in different treatments, and the spectral characteristics of DOM were investigated by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The experiment included four cropping systems: rice-rice-milk vetch (RRV), rice-rice-rape (RRP), rice-rice-ryegrass (RRG) and rice-rice-winter fallow (RRF), among them, milk vetch, rape, and ryegrass are popular winter green manure species in southern China. The results showed that the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is widely used to estimate the concentration of DOM, was significantly promoted after the incorporation of green manures compared with the other sampling stages. The contents of aromatic groups and the degree of humification of DOM increased in RRV and RRP, suggesting more complex compositions of the soil DOM after long-term application of milk vetch and rape. The contents of phenol, alcohol and carboxylic acid group at the mature stage of early rice were significantly higher than those at the stage of after green manures turned over, especially for the RRV treatment. The absorption ratio of FTIR indicated that winter plantation of rape increased the aromatic-C/aliphatic-C ratio, and ryegrass increased the aromatic-C/carboxyl-C ratio. In conclusion, long-term planting of milk vetch and rape as green manures increased the degree of aromaticity, humification and average molecular weight of DOM, and made the DOM more stable in red paddy soil.     

羊肉近红外光谱采集质量的影响因素

【目的】研究羊肉近红外光谱采集质量影响因素。【方法】以新疆羊肉为研究对象,研究不同光源、光纤参数、仪器检测时间、采集距离、采集参数等对光谱采集质量的影响。【结果】VIVO光源性能优于HL-2000光源,功率较大,温控好的光源能提高光谱重复性、减小光谱噪声;增加接收光纤芯径或数目,光谱反射率增大;随着仪器检测时间增长,光谱基线漂移越严重且各波长点向短波方向移动;随着采集距离的增加,光谱反射率先增大再减小;积分时间变长,光谱质量变好;适当增加平滑度和平均次数光谱质量较好。【结论】分析了各因素对光谱的影响,为改进仪器和检测条件提供了一定的参考依据。     

不同氮素水平下水稻LAI与冠层反射光谱的定量关系

通过光谱遥感技术对水稻长势进行监测,可以为水稻高产高效生产提供科学依据.该研究以晚稻天优华占为供试品种,设置不同施氮量的田间试验,研究不同氮素水平下水稻叶面积指数与冠层光谱反射率之间的关系,结果表明水稻叶面积指数有随着施氮量增加而增加的趋势,冠层光谱对不同施氮量群体有明显的响应特征,叶面积指数与冠层光谱反射率在720 nm左右的红边区域相关系数最大,进一步构建了水稻LAI与冠层反射光谱的数学模型.     

福建将乐林场主要树种冠层光谱反射特征分析

【目的】对福建将乐林场主要树种的冠层光谱曲线进行分析,以建立和完善该地区森林树种光谱数据库,并对利用高光谱数据研究森林树种分类提供理论和技术支持。【方法】对实测的林场内5个主要树种(马尾松、杉木、毛竹、木荷和苦槠栲)的平均冠层反射光谱曲线,采用导数光谱、红边特征及将冠层光谱曲线转化到频率域的离散傅里叶变换方法进行分析,比较各树种冠层光谱曲线在空间和频率域上的差别。【结果】在可见光波段(480~700nm),毛竹和苦槠栲的冠层反射率高于其他树种;在近红外波段(720~920nm),苦槠栲、木荷、毛竹的冠层反射率明显高于马尾松和杉木,且苦槠栲木荷毛竹。一阶导数光谱对植被类型有很好的区分作用,可以将植被在可见光波段附近吸收谷的特征和在近红外波段的红边特征进行突出显示。冠层光谱的红边特征参数表现为木荷和苦槠栲的光谱曲线红边斜率较大,明显高于马尾松、杉木和毛竹;毛竹的红边位置明显低于其他树种。对树种冠层光谱的频谱分析结果得出,冠层光谱前12次谐波能量累计达到99%,原始光谱曲线冠层光谱在频域上也有可分性,前4次谐波的幅度谱可以将苦槠栲、木荷和毛竹区分出来。【结论】不同树种的光谱曲线在空间域和频率域都存在明显的差别,光谱曲线的红边参数和冠层光谱在频率域的幅度谱有助于定量化地区分不同的树种类型。     

Global distribution of rice weeds – A review

This review provides an overview on the most common rice weed species of the world. It shows that a few generalists have established in rice independent from sites, crop management systems, and local climatic conditions. Cosmopolitan weeds are even constant elements where rice cultivation started just a century ago. Local differences may be explained by cultivation methods, growing seasons, or special weed management. Some general changes in weed spectra have been observed globally in recent years. Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) and herbicide resistance have become general global problems within the last decades. Some global key weed genera such as Echinochloa, Cyperus, Scirpus, or Fimbristylis species are, however, still dominating rice fields despite the decade long use of well performing herbicides. On the other side, general species shifts as a result of resistance have not been observed yet. Leptochloa species started to become major problems in Asia in the end of the last century and now in Europe also. Several modern herbicides allow the control of perennial weeds, such as Cyperus rotundus L. or Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi which makes them no longer serious threats. Some genera in rice such as Echinochloa and Oryza (weedy rice) are characterized by an enormous germplasm variability which makes species definitions difficult. The fact that weeds in rice have to adapt to wet or aquatic conditions reduces the biodiversity range in comparison to other arable crops. Water management has a considerable impact on weed spectra. The increase of rice acreages with reduced irrigation may end up in higher weed infestations. Long term results of weed surveys in rice as they exist for other crops are, however, not available. This makes predictions on biodiversity changes in this crop quite difficult.     

基于高光谱和BP神经网络的玉米叶片SPAD值遥感估算

为了进一步提高玉米叶绿素含量的高光谱估算精度,该文测定了西北地区玉米乳熟期叶片的光谱反射率及其对应的叶绿素相对含量（soil and plant analyzer development,SPAD）值,分析了一阶微分光谱、高光谱特征参数与 SPAD的相关关系,构建了基于一阶微分光谱、高光谱特征参数和 BP 神经网络的 SPAD 估算模型,并对模型进行验证;再结合主成分回归（principal component regression,PCR）、偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）以及传统回归模型与 BP 神经网络模型进行比较。结果表明：SPAD 值与一阶微分光谱在763nm 处具有最大相关系数（R=0.901）;以763 nm 处的一阶微分值、蓝边内最大一阶微分为自变量建立的传统回归模型可用于玉米叶片 SPAD 估算;将构建传统回归模型时筛选到的光谱参数作为输入,实测 SPAD 值作为输出,构建 BP 神经网络模型,其建模与验模 R2分别为0.887和0.896,RMSE 为2.782,RE 为4.59%,与其他回归模型相比,BP 神经网络模型预测精度最高,研究表明 BP 神经网络对叶绿素具有较好的预测能力,是估算玉米叶片 SPAD 值的一种实时高效的方法。     

苹果霉心病可见/近红外透射能量光谱识别方法

针对苹果霉心病从外表无法识别的难题,提出基于可见/近红外透射能量光谱进行快速无损识别的模型和方法。在200~1 100 nm波段内采集了200个苹果的透射能量光谱数据,随机选取140个样品作为训练集,剩余60个样品作为测试集。用平滑法和多元散射校正对光谱数据进行预处理。基于全光谱、连续投影算法(SPA)提取的12个特征波长、主成分分析(PCA)提取的9个主成分,分别建立了偏最小二乘判别法、误差反向传播人工神经网络和支持向量机(SVM)识别模型。实验结果说明,应用PCA-SVM建立的模型识别性能最优,该模型对测试集和训练集中霉心病果和健康果的识别正确率分别为99.3%和96.7%。基于SPA和PCA所建模型的输入变量数仅相当于基于全光谱所建模型输入变量数的0.99%和0.74%,极大降低了模型的复杂度。研究结果表明,该方法是可行的且具有较高识别准确度,为苹果在线内部品质分级和便携式苹果霉心病检测仪的研究提供了技术依据。     

田间冬小麦抽穗期长势分析——基于可见-近红外光

为了快速估测大田冬小麦叶绿素含量指标,指导冬小麦抽穗期追肥管理,基于光谱分析技术在可见光和近红外波段(325~1 075 nm)处,对陕西省杨凌区揉谷镇粮食基地的冬小麦进行长势检测、分析。试验在1 000 m×600 m区域内划分为30个采样区进行数据采集,使用ASD Field Spec Hand Held光谱辐射仪(Analytical Spectral Devices.,USA)采集冬小麦的冠层光谱反射率数据,使用SPAD-5 0 2 Plus便携式叶绿素仪测量小麦倒一叶和倒二叶的叶绿素指标(SPAD值),使用G738 CM型手持式GPS记录采样点的位置信息。分别进行冠层光谱反射率小麦倒一叶和倒二叶的预处理,结果表明:冠层反射光谱倒二叶的SPAD值相关系数高于倒一叶。基于相关性分析,选取4个敏感波段538、661、740、850 nm分别与预处理前后的光谱数据进行多元线性回归分析,结果表明:预处理后的模型精度较高,建模精度R2=0.8 3,验证建模精度R2=0.7。同时,绘制了大田作物长势分布图,可为冬小麦抽穗期追肥提供支持。     

Squaring the circle: reconciling fishing and conservation of aquatic ecosystems

Size‐at‐entry regulations in fisheries cause major disruption to aquatic ecosystems, including truncation of age‐ and size‐structures, destabilization of fish stocks, directional selection on phenotypic traits and a by‐catch of unwanted species and sizes. Here, we use simple dynamic models of size‐spectra to examine an alternative, so‐called balanced harvesting. Balanced harvesting helps in retaining the approximate power‐law size‐structure of natural ecosystems, whereas size‐at‐entry regulations do not. Balanced harvesting is less likely to destabilize steady states than size‐at‐entry regulations set close to the size at maturation. Surprisingly, our numerical results suggest that steady‐state biomass yield can be substantially increased by switching from size‐at‐entry to balanced harvesting. On the basis of these results, we argue that the goals of conservation and of greater yields seem less difficult to reconcile than have previously been thought. However, to work towards these goals require a change in our approach to fishing.