Root growth,soil water variation,and grain yield response of winter wheat to supplemental irrigation

Water shortage threatens agricultural sustainability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. Thus, we investigated the effect of supplemental irrigation (SI) on the root growth, soil water variation, and grain yield of winter wheat in this region by measuring the moisture content in different soil layers. Prior to SI, the soil water content (SWC) at given soil depths was monitored to calculate amount of irritation water that can rehydrate the soil to target SWC. The SWC before SI was monitored to depths of 20, 40, and 60 cm in treatments of W20, W40, and W60, respectively. Rainfed treatment with no irrigation as the control (W0). The mean root weight density (RWD), triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction activity (TTC reduction activity), soluble protein (SP) concentrations as well as catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in W40 and W60 treatments were significantly higher than those in W20. The RWD in 60–100 cm soil layers and the root activity, SP concentrations, CAT and SOD activities in 40–60 cm soil layers in W40 treatment were significantly higher than those in W20 and W60. W40 treatment is characterized by higher SWC in the upper soil layers but lower SWC in the 60–100-cm soil layers during grain filling. The soil water consumption (SWU) in the 60–100 cm soil layers from anthesis after SI to maturity was the highest in W40. The grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and irrigation water productivity were the highest in W40, with corresponding mean values of 9169 kg ha^?1, 20.8 kg ha^?1 mm^?1, and 35.5 kg ha^?1 mm^?1. The RWD, root activities, SP concentrations, CAT and SOD activities, and SWU were strongly positively correlated with grain yield and WUE. Therefore, the optimum soil layer for SI of winter wheat after jointing is 0–40 cm.     

土壤质地对花生叶片衰老特性和产量的影响

采用在塑料箱中栽培的方法,研究了不同质地的土壤(沙土、壤土、黏土)对花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)叶片衰老特性和产量的影响。结果表明,花生功能叶片的净光合速率、可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性在生育前期均表现为沙土壤土黏土,在生育后期则表现为壤土沙土黏土;叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量在生育前期表现为黏土壤土沙土,生育后期表现为黏土沙土壤土;对产量性状而言,荚果产量、子仁产量和有效果数均表现为壤土最大、沙土次之、黏土最小。由此可知,沙土虽能够提高花生生育前期叶片的生理活性,但生育后期衰老也较快;黏土则在整个生育期均不利于花生叶片生理活性的提高;而壤土在花生整个生育期均能保持较高水平的叶片生理活性,进而提高花生的产量。     

不同肥料对盐碱地小麦花后旗叶生理特性及产量的影响

设置复合肥(CK)、有机肥(T1)、过磷酸钙(T2)、过磷酸钙与有机肥混施(T3)4种施肥处理,进行盐碱地小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)旗叶生理特性的研究,进而确定盐碱地小麦的合理施肥配方。结果表明,随着灌浆进程的推进,各处理旗叶中的丙二醛(MDA)及游离脯氨酸(FP)含量均呈现逐渐增长的趋势,相较于其他3种处理,T3的MDA含量增长速度较慢且积累量较少,游离脯氨酸含量增长迅速且积累量较多;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及可溶性蛋白质含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,与其他处理相比,T3有较高的SOD、POD活性及可溶性蛋白质含量。T3的产量及其构成因素显著高于其他处理。从衰老特性及产量来看,过磷酸钙与有机肥混施(T3)是盐碱地较为合理的施肥配方。     

凯润对不同密度下夏玉米根叶衰老及子粒灌浆的影响

采用密度和化控措施,以郑单958为试材进行田间试验,分析不同密度下喷施凯润对夏玉米生育后期根叶形态及子粒灌浆的影响。结果表明,喷施凯润有助于维持玉米后期根系功能,灌浆中期67 500株/hm2密度下玉米根长、表面积、体积及根重分别增加40.37%、36.54%、37.56%、10.64%,差异显著(P0.05);喷施凯润后两个密度下玉米生育后期叶面积指数提高8.71%~71.72%,维持了后期叶片持绿性,促进群体生物量的积累,且67 500株/hm2密度下差异显著;喷施凯润后灌浆中后期子粒体积和干重增加,促进了子粒灌浆,67 500株/hm2密度下玉米穗粒数、千粒重、产量分别增加6.55%、4.06%、7.35%,其中穗粒数差异显著。分析结果表明,高密度加快夏玉米后期根叶衰老,凯润能够缓解根叶早衰,促进玉米生物量积累和子粒灌浆,喷施量为400 m L/hm2时,在67 500株/hm2密度下效果更显著。     

南荻衰老的形态和生理生化特征的研究

为探讨南荻(Miscanthus lutarioriparius)衰老的形态与生理生化特征间的关系,以5种基因型的南荻为试材料,利用目测分级法对其衰老程度进行分级,并测定了旗叶、倒二叶和倒三叶生理生化指标.结果表明:南荻叶片的衰老等级与叶绿素含量成显著负相关,丙二醛(MDA)含量从孕穗期至果实成熟期逐渐增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性从孕穗期到抽穗期处于上升阶段,抽穗后到成熟期呈下降趋势;南荻衰老程度在空间上并无规律,但衰老速度在不同基因型间存在差异.     

转录因子调控果实成熟和衰老机制研究进展

重点综述近年来关于果实成熟和衰老相关转录因子及其调控机制的研究进展,为进一步阐明果实成熟和衰老的转录调控网络提供参考。     

水稻早衰叶突变体PLS2的遗传分析与基因定位

叶片早衰引起叶绿素和其他大分子被降解, 叶片光合能力降低。这个过程常伴随着活性氧(ROS)的积累, 以及细胞中抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和APX)活性的降低, 衰老相关基因(SAG)表达量上调, 最终导致整个植株过早成熟, 产量降低。因此, 研究水稻早衰遗传机制和基因功能对于水稻的遗传改良具有重要的作用和意义。PLS2是通过航天育种工程经空间辐射诱变得来的突变体, 在孕穗期表现早衰。与野生型相比, PLS2的光合能力降低, 株高变矮, 节间和穗长缩短, 分蘖数和有效分蘖数减少, 穗粒数和结实率明显下降, 千粒重降低, 穗发育不良, 灌浆不充分; 叶片的CAT活性显著降低、H₂O₂积累、死亡细胞增加, 叶绿体结构变差, 叶绿体中淀粉和嗜锇颗粒增多。黑暗处理加速突变体叶片衰老, 叶绿体超微结构球状化。利用PLS2/蜀恢527和PLS2/02428的隐性定位群体, 将pls2定位在第3染色体标记RM14704 (8674283 bp)与SL-I-5 (8758394 bp)之间, 物理距离84.11 kb, 区间内包括14个基因, 测序发现在LOC_Os03g15840第9个外显子第41位的C被替换为T, 导致精氨酸(R)替换为半胱氨酸(C), LOC_Os3g15840编码水稻中的一个糖基转移酶(glycosyltransferases, GTs), 可能是pls2的候选基因。为下一步调控基因的克隆和功能研究奠定了基础。     

Increase in DNA fragmentation and the role of ethylene and reactive oxygen species in petal senescence of Osmanthus fragrans

In sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans Lour.) flowers, petal browning, partial abscission and wilting are the visible symptoms of senescence, 4–5 days after flowering, which seriously affect its ornamental and economic value. In the present study, DNA fragmentation was used as a marker to investigate the role of ethylene and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in flower senescence of O. fragrans ‘Liuye Jingui’. In intact plants, nuclear shrinkage and DNA fragmentation occurred at the late full flowering stage when senescence symptoms became visible. This coincided with a rapid increase in ethylene production, ROS generation and lipid peroxidation. To further determine the role of ethylene and ROS in flower senescence, cut flowers were treated with ethephon, silver thiosulphate (STS), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and vitamin C (Vc). The vase life of cut flowers was significantly prolonged by 0.2 mM STS and 2.5 mM Vc treatments, but reduced by 0.03% H₂O₂ and 500 mg L⁻¹ ethephon treatments, compared to distilled water. The percentage of DNA fragmentation was dramatically increased by ethephon but reduced by STS treatment throughout vase life. In contrast, the dramatic increase of DNA fragmentation in the H₂O₂ treated samples was only observed at day three, and clear petal abscission and rapid petal wilting occurred only with ethephon. Compared with the distinguishable nuclei and complete vacuoles in both STS treatment and distilled water, ethephon treatment caused substantial damage to large central vacuoles and other organelles, and many petal cells twisted out of shape due to a loss of cytoplasm, resulting in rapid petal wilting. Thus, it is concluded that ethylene plays an important role in flower senescence of sweet osmanthus, enhancing DNA fragmentation, damaging cellular structure, and leading to petal abscission and wilting. In addition, ROS is also involved in the regulation of late DNA degradation and lipid peroxidation.     

不同土壤水分条件下施磷量对小麦旗叶衰老及产量的影响

在防雨旱棚池栽条件下研究了水分胁迫(W1)和水分适宜(W2)条件下不同施磷量对小麦旗叶衰老及产量的影响.结果表明,小麦开花后,W1水平下,施磷150 kg/hm~2处理的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)下降幅度及丙二醛(MDA)上升幅度较其他处理小;W2水平下,随施磷量的增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性增加、MDA降低,可见水分胁迫下适宜的施磷量以及适宜的水分条件下增加施磷量均可以改善小麦体内的保护酶,增加小麦叶面积指数和旗叶叶绿素含量,提高光合速率,进而延缓衰老,提高产量.本试验条件下,虽然75%土壤田间持水量与施磷量150 kg/hm~2的处理组合达到了最高产量,但与55%土壤田间持水量与施磷量150 kg/hm~2的处理组合的产量差异不显著,综合观之,后者是最佳水肥处理组合.     

叶果比对甜瓜叶片衰老的影响

露地栽培条件下,人为控制厚皮甜瓜单株留叶数,形成不同的叶果比,分析甜瓜叶片净光合速率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和丙二醛含量变化,探讨叶果比对甜瓜叶片衰老的影响.结果表明,随着叶果比减小叶片生理活性增强,表明增加库的能力,可以增强叶片的生理活性,但叶果比减小到一定程度后,叶片的生理活性不仅不增强反而会减小,这是因为源的减少促进了叶片的早衰,黄河蜜、银峰、玉金香适宜叶果比分别为66、48、30,说明对一个特定品种来说,都有一个源库协调的问题,过多或不及,均不利于延缓叶片的衰老.相同叶果比下,叶片净光合速率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖下降幅度和丙二醛上升幅度,黄河蜜>银峰>玉金香,说明大果型品种对摘叶处理反应比银峰中果型和小果型更为敏感.生产实践中,通过整枝减小叶果比,对特定的品种形成适宜叶果比来延缓叶片的衰老,大果型品种叶果比>中果型>小果型.