The desorption solution — an alternative approach to measure water soluble ions in soils

Although the composition of the soil solution has important ecological information, there is no general consensus for obtaining and analyzing of the soil solution. This study presents an alternative procedure to obtain the soil solution and determine all relevant anions and cations. The soil samples are taken with an auger. 10—20 g of field moist soil are desorbed in a pressure chamber at 170 kPa (pF 3.2), with a cellulose acetate membrane filter (∅︁ < 0.45 μm) as capillar bridge between the interior and exterior of the chamber. The desorption procedure is performed at 4°C for 24 hours and yields up to 1.0 ml soil solution, depending on the actual water potential. If more soil solution is needed, the soil may be replaced by another aliquot of the same sample. 0.15 ml of soil solution is sufficient for analysing all cations and anions, which account quantitatively for the ion balance with a capillary electrophoresis. Compared with suction cups, ion concentrations in desorption solutions are, although generally lower, in the same order of magnitude. The advantage of this method is that no field equipment is needed, apart from the auger. Even in heterogeneous forest soils, water soluble ions can be monitored with a high spatial resolution and without any dilution effects, which are common in the most laboratory methods. The problem of lacking spatial representativity in stationary lysimeter stations is also overcome. Additionally it is possible to obtain and analyze soil solutions in a suction range where suction cups fail.     

仙人球水培种植初探

采用4个营养液配方进行层云Melocactus和金晃Notocactus的水培试验,以基质培为对照,研究仙人球在水培中的适应性以及生长情况．结果表明：供试的仙人球在水培中均能正常生长,且生长速度显著大于基质培或与之相当;层云在配方2这种有少量铵态氮的营养液中生长最好,而金晃在所有的配方中均生长得很好．表明层云是一种偏向于喜硝但又对铵态氮有少量需要的植物,而金晃则表现为喜硝为主,对高浓度铵态氮表现出生长抑制度现象．在有铵态氮的营养液配方中,无论是什么品种,其营养液pH值在种植过程中均逐渐降低,最低的可达2．9,但对仙人球的生长没有显著的影响,说明这2个品种的仙人球都较为耐酸性．     

The impact of reduced atmospheric depositions on soil microbial parameters in a strongly acidified Norway spruce forest at Solling,Germany

To simulate a future ion input reduction scenario in forests, a large scale field experiment was set up in a (1999) 66‒year‒old Norway spruce plantation at Solling, central Germany. Throughfall input of H⁺, SO₄^2—, and N‒compounds is artificially reduced by means of a permanent roof construction below the canopy and a de‒ionizing equipment since 1991. Here we present long term soil solution records for SO₄^2—, NO₃^—, Al³⁺ and the pH of the 10 cm mineral soil sampling depth. A significant decrease in ion concentrations since the start of the treatment is observed, but no change of the soil solution pH. Even in the fourth year pH values remained well within the aluminium buffer range (pH < 4.2). Three years after the start of the experiment (July 1994) it was examined whether microbial biomass (C_mic), specific activity (heat production per unit biomass), and the percentage of C_mic in organic C material indicated any changes. Furthermore chemical standard parameters (CEC, base saturation, pH) were analyzed for all soil samples. Results indicate that despite of drastic decreases of soil solution ion concentrations in the upper soil horizons microbial parameters were not affected and that the soil solid phase is not deacidified by the treatment until now.     

Ordination von Waldökosystemen nach Stoffkonzentrationen der Lösungsphase und bodenchemischen Tiefengradienten

Ordination of forest ecosystems using element concentrations of the solution phase and soil chemical depth gradients Using data sets from 16 forest ecosystems the possibilities of an ordination procedure with respect to matter budget parameters are demonstrated. Principal component analysis was selected as method of ordination. Ordinations were carried out separately for (i) depth gradients of base saturation, for (ii) average element concentrations in the soil solution at two different depths, and (iii) for element concentrations in the bulk deposition and the throughfall. In the majority of cases the procedure yields plausible and interpretable arrangements of the ecosystems along the first and the second principal component axes. These two components contain over 80 percent of the total variance in the datasets. Compared to other methods of ecosystem characterization the ordination procedure is advantageous concerning practicability and objectivity. It is suggested to apply the method to a larger set of forest ecosystems with the aim of grouping the systems according to their individual states. An additional application is the analysis of temporal changes as attempted in ecosystem monitoring.     

田间焚烧麦秆对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

采用水培法研究了麦秆焚烧后的土壤溶液对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,种子发芽率、发芽指数和胚乳养分的利用率有所减少,但与焚烧前差异不显著;种子发芽势、活力指数和α-淀粉酶活性明显下降。幼苗芽长、苗鲜重和蛋白质合成减少不明显;幼苗主胚根长度、胚根数、叶绿素含量、净光合速率及干物质积累则明显减少。表明麦秆焚烧后的土壤溶液不利于玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

Light-induced transformations of tribenuron-methyl in aqueous solution

Tribenuron-methyl a sulfonylurea herbicide, readily photodegraded in aqueous solution under sunlight and UV light. The photoproducts identified were N-methyl-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-amine, methyl 2-(aminosulfonyl) benzoate, o-benzoic sulfimide, N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N-methyl urea and N-(2-carbomethoxyphenyl)-N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5triazin-2-yl)-N′-methyl urea. The rate of photodegradation of tribenuron-methyl in different types of water followed first-order kinetics with significant correlation coefficient, increased with increase in pH and was also dependent upon the dissolved impurities. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Modelling uptake of Na and Cl by tomato in closed-cycle cultivation systems as influenced by irrigation water salinity

The aim of the present investigation was to simulate the uptake concentrations (weights of ion per volume of water absorbed) of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in hydroponic tomato crops as a function of the NaCl concentration in the root zone. An empirical model was calibrated and validated, which can be incorporated into on-line operating decision support systems aimed at optimizing the nutrient supply and minimizing the discharge of drainage solution in tomato crops grown in closed-cycle hydroponic systems. Three experiments were conducted, of which one was carried out to calibrate the model using irrigation water with NaCl concentration ranging from 0 to 14.7 mol m⁻³ while the other two experiments were commissioned to validate the model within either a low (0.5-2 mol m⁻³) or a high (1.2-12 mol m⁻³) concentration range. The model could successfully predict the uptake concentration of Na⁺, but Cl⁻ could not be simulated by this model at external Cl⁻ concentrations lower than 10 mol m⁻³. The results indicate that Na⁺ is excluded actively and effectively by the tested tomato cultivar even at low external Na⁺ concentrations, while Cl⁻ is readily taken up at low concentrations, particularly during the initial growing stages. Due to the efficient exclusion of Na⁺ by tomato, the Na⁺ concentration in the root environment increased rapidly to extremely high levels even when the Na⁺ concentration in the irrigation water was relatively low. These results indicate that tomato genotypes characterized by high salt-exclusion efficiency, require irrigation water with a very low NaCl concentration, if they are grown in closed hydroponic systems and the drainage water is not flushed periodically. To maintain Na⁺ at levels lower than 19 mol m⁻³ in the root zone of the tomato hybrid ‘Formula’ in closed hydroponics, a maximum acceptable Na⁺ concentration of 0.53 mol m⁻³ was estimated for the irrigation water.     

苯甲酸盐水剂防除金钟藤试验研究

在秋季,应用苯甲酸盐水剂对金钟藤进行挂瓶滴加的防除试验,结果表明:5%的苯甲酸盐水剂滴加24~36 h最经济有效,防除金钟藤效果达100%;用药量与金钟藤藤茎的直径成正比。在1~6 cm藤茎范围内,用药量在50~200 m l范围增减。     

中国西部河谷型城市环境污染的基本矛盾与机制

利用统计资料,从产业结构与环境污染、污染治理水平与实际能力、企业竞争力与环境污染治理等方面研究了中国西部(狭义)河谷型城市环境污染的内在矛盾与机制.污染较为严重的产业链、污染治理水平相对低下是我国西部河谷型城市环境污染问题较为严重的表面原因.实际上,传统产业及其企业的利润空间日益狭小和各级政府环境保护预算投入低以及迫不得已的保护政策才是环境污染严重的内在根本原因.     

蚕豆的废液气雾培研究

对蚕豆进行气雾培,促发形成发达的不定根根系与庞大的根表面积,利用其强大的吸附吸收性,固定营养液废液中残留的各种矿质营养,起到排液净化处理与减少环境污染的功效.通过试验观察,在气雾培环境下,根系净重及根冠比明显增大,生物转换率、生物量比土壤栽培大大提高,固氮菌的发育正常而快速,能使低含量少营养的残液发挥出最大的栽培效果,使废液栽培的循环利用得以实现,再利用蚕豆收获后的残枝、残叶、残根进行液肥的发醇制备,作为园艺植物无土栽培的营养液添加液,从而形成了设施无土栽培环境下,营养液无残留、少排出、少污染的闭锁型生态系统,为当前探索农业循环经济、建立可持续发展的生态农业模式开辟一条新的技术途径.